Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review

<p dir="ltr">Surgical skills proficiency lowers the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes during surgeries. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied for surgical skills assessment, especially in the field of minimally invasive surgeries (MIS). This paves the way for integrating...

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Main Author: Hawa Hamza (17707224) (author)
Other Authors: Dehlela Shabir (14150565) (author), Omar Aboumarzouk (18427923) (author), Abdulla Al-Ansari (14150583) (author), Khaled Shaban (20074425) (author), Nikhil V. Navkar (14158857) (author)
Published: 2025
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author Hawa Hamza (17707224)
author2 Dehlela Shabir (14150565)
Omar Aboumarzouk (18427923)
Abdulla Al-Ansari (14150583)
Khaled Shaban (20074425)
Nikhil V. Navkar (14158857)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author_facet Hawa Hamza (17707224)
Dehlela Shabir (14150565)
Omar Aboumarzouk (18427923)
Abdulla Al-Ansari (14150583)
Khaled Shaban (20074425)
Nikhil V. Navkar (14158857)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Hawa Hamza (17707224)
Dehlela Shabir (14150565)
Omar Aboumarzouk (18427923)
Abdulla Al-Ansari (14150583)
Khaled Shaban (20074425)
Nikhil V. Navkar (14158857)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-04-18T12:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110893
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automated_skills_assessment_in_open_surgery_A_scoping_review/28829579
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Health sciences
Health services and systems
Automation
Skills assessment
Open surgery
Machine learning
Surgical education
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">Surgical skills proficiency lowers the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes during surgeries. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied for surgical skills assessment, especially in the field of minimally invasive surgeries (MIS). This paves the way for integrating AI for skills assessment in open surgeries as well. An overview of its applications can inform the scientific community and facilitate further developments. In this scoping review, we present the open surgeries and clinical settings where AI-based skill assessment has been applied, the kind of surgical data acquired for the AI-based algorithms, and the types of AI-based models used for automated skills assessment. A total of 40 articles were identified and included. Majority of the articles focused on macrosurgical suturing (45 %, <i>n </i>= 18). Most of the studies acquired data by capturing surgeon's hands (50 %, <i>n </i>= 20). About 35 % utilized deep learning algorithms, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNN) (<i>n </i>= 14). The assessment input for the automation algorithms were predominantly hand movement. Around 37.5 % (<i>n </i>= 15) of the studies assessed algorithm performance using classification accuracy. In the review, we compare conventional methods such as statistical modeling and custom algorithms with the emerging AI-based approaches. We also explore the utilization of object detection and temporal information for surgical skills assessment. We highlight the progress in automated skills assessment during open surgery with advancements in sensor technology, and AI algorithms with high prediction accuracies. Further developments in data acquisition and processing methods are essential to facilitate clinical implementation of such technologies.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence<br>License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110893" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110893</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara2_150b2af83d922664046eadd8015c1c53
identifier_str_mv 10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110893
network_acronym_str Manara2
network_name_str Manara2
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/28829579
publishDate 2025
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spelling Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping reviewHawa Hamza (17707224)Dehlela Shabir (14150565)Omar Aboumarzouk (18427923)Abdulla Al-Ansari (14150583)Khaled Shaban (20074425)Nikhil V. Navkar (14158857)EngineeringBiomedical engineeringHealth sciencesHealth services and systemsAutomationSkills assessmentOpen surgeryMachine learningSurgical education<p dir="ltr">Surgical skills proficiency lowers the incidence of adverse clinical outcomes during surgeries. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied for surgical skills assessment, especially in the field of minimally invasive surgeries (MIS). This paves the way for integrating AI for skills assessment in open surgeries as well. An overview of its applications can inform the scientific community and facilitate further developments. In this scoping review, we present the open surgeries and clinical settings where AI-based skill assessment has been applied, the kind of surgical data acquired for the AI-based algorithms, and the types of AI-based models used for automated skills assessment. A total of 40 articles were identified and included. Majority of the articles focused on macrosurgical suturing (45 %, <i>n </i>= 18). Most of the studies acquired data by capturing surgeon's hands (50 %, <i>n </i>= 20). About 35 % utilized deep learning algorithms, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNN) (<i>n </i>= 14). The assessment input for the automation algorithms were predominantly hand movement. Around 37.5 % (<i>n </i>= 15) of the studies assessed algorithm performance using classification accuracy. In the review, we compare conventional methods such as statistical modeling and custom algorithms with the emerging AI-based approaches. We also explore the utilization of object detection and temporal information for surgical skills assessment. We highlight the progress in automated skills assessment during open surgery with advancements in sensor technology, and AI algorithms with high prediction accuracies. Further developments in data acquisition and processing methods are essential to facilitate clinical implementation of such technologies.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence<br>License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110893" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110893</a></p>2025-04-18T12:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110893https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Automated_skills_assessment_in_open_surgery_A_scoping_review/28829579CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/288295792025-04-18T12:00:00Z
spellingShingle Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review
Hawa Hamza (17707224)
Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Health sciences
Health services and systems
Automation
Skills assessment
Open surgery
Machine learning
Surgical education
status_str publishedVersion
title Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review
title_full Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review
title_fullStr Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review
title_full_unstemmed Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review
title_short Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review
title_sort Automated skills assessment in open surgery: A scoping review
topic Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Health sciences
Health services and systems
Automation
Skills assessment
Open surgery
Machine learning
Surgical education