Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey

<p dir="ltr">Network intrusion detection systems are crucial for securing information technology and operational technology networks against cyberattacks. While machine learning and deep learning techniques hold significant promise for enhancing these systems, their performance is hi...

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Main Author: Somaya Eltanbouly (22565864) (author)
Other Authors: Jezia Zakraoui (14151399) (author), Abdulaziz Al-Ali (16393288) (author), Abdelhak Belhi (22565867) (author), Sandy Rahme (16888770) (author), Abdelaziz Bouras (20036553) (author)
Published: 2025
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author Somaya Eltanbouly (22565864)
author2 Jezia Zakraoui (14151399)
Abdulaziz Al-Ali (16393288)
Abdelhak Belhi (22565867)
Sandy Rahme (16888770)
Abdelaziz Bouras (20036553)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author_facet Somaya Eltanbouly (22565864)
Jezia Zakraoui (14151399)
Abdulaziz Al-Ali (16393288)
Abdelhak Belhi (22565867)
Sandy Rahme (16888770)
Abdelaziz Bouras (20036553)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Somaya Eltanbouly (22565864)
Jezia Zakraoui (14151399)
Abdulaziz Al-Ali (16393288)
Abdelhak Belhi (22565867)
Sandy Rahme (16888770)
Abdelaziz Bouras (20036553)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-06-27T12:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1109/access.2025.3581354
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Network_Packet_Transformation_Approaches_for_Intrusion_Detection_Systems_A_Survey/30542768
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Information and computing sciences
Cybersecurity and privacy
Data management and data science
Machine learning
Intrusion detection
NIDS
data transformation
packet transformation
Telecommunication traffic
Data models
Surveys
Reviews
Data visualization
Payloads
Numerical models
Taxonomy
Network intrusion detection
Generative adversarial networks
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">Network intrusion detection systems are crucial for securing information technology and operational technology networks against cyberattacks. While machine learning and deep learning techniques hold significant promise for enhancing these systems, their performance is highly dependent on how network traffic data is transformed and represented. In a survey of recent popular papers, we identified four main categories of data representations: numerical, pixel-based, sequence-based, and graph-based approaches. The identified transformations capture information either from network traffic packets, flows, or both. Using insights from the literature and additional experiments conducted on the CICIDS-2017 dataset, we assessed each representation not only in terms of its ability to enhance detection performance but also in terms of computational efficiency. Our findings highlight the need for future research to improve data transformation techniques, especially in terms of dataset labeling and inference time reporting, to support the development of more robust and practical network intrusion detection systems.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Access<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581354" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581354</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara2_37eb1d60bbf520f51a103dea7248b790
identifier_str_mv 10.1109/access.2025.3581354
network_acronym_str Manara2
network_name_str Manara2
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/30542768
publishDate 2025
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rights_invalid_str_mv CC BY 4.0
spelling Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A SurveySomaya Eltanbouly (22565864)Jezia Zakraoui (14151399)Abdulaziz Al-Ali (16393288)Abdelhak Belhi (22565867)Sandy Rahme (16888770)Abdelaziz Bouras (20036553)Information and computing sciencesCybersecurity and privacyData management and data scienceMachine learningIntrusion detectionNIDSdata transformationpacket transformationTelecommunication trafficData modelsSurveysReviewsData visualizationPayloadsNumerical modelsTaxonomyNetwork intrusion detectionGenerative adversarial networks<p dir="ltr">Network intrusion detection systems are crucial for securing information technology and operational technology networks against cyberattacks. While machine learning and deep learning techniques hold significant promise for enhancing these systems, their performance is highly dependent on how network traffic data is transformed and represented. In a survey of recent popular papers, we identified four main categories of data representations: numerical, pixel-based, sequence-based, and graph-based approaches. The identified transformations capture information either from network traffic packets, flows, or both. Using insights from the literature and additional experiments conducted on the CICIDS-2017 dataset, we assessed each representation not only in terms of its ability to enhance detection performance but also in terms of computational efficiency. Our findings highlight the need for future research to improve data transformation techniques, especially in terms of dataset labeling and inference time reporting, to support the development of more robust and practical network intrusion detection systems.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Access<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581354" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3581354</a></p>2025-06-27T12:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1109/access.2025.3581354https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Network_Packet_Transformation_Approaches_for_Intrusion_Detection_Systems_A_Survey/30542768CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/305427682025-06-27T12:00:00Z
spellingShingle Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
Somaya Eltanbouly (22565864)
Information and computing sciences
Cybersecurity and privacy
Data management and data science
Machine learning
Intrusion detection
NIDS
data transformation
packet transformation
Telecommunication traffic
Data models
Surveys
Reviews
Data visualization
Payloads
Numerical models
Taxonomy
Network intrusion detection
Generative adversarial networks
status_str publishedVersion
title Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
title_full Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
title_fullStr Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
title_full_unstemmed Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
title_short Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
title_sort Network Packet Transformation Approaches for Intrusion Detection Systems: A Survey
topic Information and computing sciences
Cybersecurity and privacy
Data management and data science
Machine learning
Intrusion detection
NIDS
data transformation
packet transformation
Telecommunication traffic
Data models
Surveys
Reviews
Data visualization
Payloads
Numerical models
Taxonomy
Network intrusion detection
Generative adversarial networks