Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa
<p dir="ltr">Green walls and roofs are sustainable building systems with several benefits. However, the irrigation requirements of these building systems conflict with water sustainability goals in water-scarce places. This study investigates using greywater directly to irrigate orna...
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2024
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| author | Shaheeda Marakkar Anangadan (19239607) |
| author2 | Snigdhendubala Pradhan (9872262) Jayaprakash Saththasivam (14151669) Gordon McKay (1755814) Hamish Robert Mackey (16931781) |
| author2_role | author author author author |
| author_facet | Shaheeda Marakkar Anangadan (19239607) Snigdhendubala Pradhan (9872262) Jayaprakash Saththasivam (14151669) Gordon McKay (1755814) Hamish Robert Mackey (16931781) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Shaheeda Marakkar Anangadan (19239607) Snigdhendubala Pradhan (9872262) Jayaprakash Saththasivam (14151669) Gordon McKay (1755814) Hamish Robert Mackey (16931781) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2024-01-31T09:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.3390/su16031183 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Evaluation_of_Greywater_as_a_Sustainable_Source_of_Irrigation_for_Ornamental_Crops_in_Green_Walls_A_Study_of_Plant_and_Soil_Using_Ruellia_tuberosa/26395591 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Engineering Environmental engineering Environmental sciences Soil sciences greywater treatment nature-based system green wall plant biomass water scarcity sustainability |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p dir="ltr">Green walls and roofs are sustainable building systems with several benefits. However, the irrigation requirements of these building systems conflict with water sustainability goals in water-scarce places. This study investigates using greywater directly to irrigate ornamental species for such situations by examining the effects of freshwater and greywater irrigation on Ruellia tuberosa growth, plant health and soil characteristics. Five replicates for each condition were grown for 91 days. Greywater irrigation led to a 15% higher plant growth height, a 31% higher plant biomass (<i>p </i>= 0.065), and a 71% increase in stem biomass (<i>p</i> < 0.001) compared to freshwater irrigation. However, greywater-irrigated plants had reduced chlorophyll content (10.7%, p < 0.001), and increased leaf chlorosis (<i>p</i> = 0.003), likely caused by stress from laundry and detergent chemicals. Greywater irrigation led to greater mineral content in greywater-irrigated plant biomass and soil for all minerals tested, most notably boron, which was deficient in the soil. Greywater-irrigated soil also had a higher organic content according to FTIR and electron dispersive spectroscopy. Greywater irrigation improved nutritional and soil conditions, including phosphate, which helped Ruellia tuberosa flourish. This study suggests raw greywater can replace freshwater in water-scarce climates for green wall irrigation instead of high-energy onsite greywater treatment systems.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Sustainability<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031183" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031183</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_45c0be2d0b3b2c89fb6a372f24916b5b |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.3390/su16031183 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/26395591 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosaShaheeda Marakkar Anangadan (19239607)Snigdhendubala Pradhan (9872262)Jayaprakash Saththasivam (14151669)Gordon McKay (1755814)Hamish Robert Mackey (16931781)EngineeringEnvironmental engineeringEnvironmental sciencesSoil sciencesgreywater treatmentnature-based systemgreen wallplant biomasswater scarcitysustainability<p dir="ltr">Green walls and roofs are sustainable building systems with several benefits. However, the irrigation requirements of these building systems conflict with water sustainability goals in water-scarce places. This study investigates using greywater directly to irrigate ornamental species for such situations by examining the effects of freshwater and greywater irrigation on Ruellia tuberosa growth, plant health and soil characteristics. Five replicates for each condition were grown for 91 days. Greywater irrigation led to a 15% higher plant growth height, a 31% higher plant biomass (<i>p </i>= 0.065), and a 71% increase in stem biomass (<i>p</i> < 0.001) compared to freshwater irrigation. However, greywater-irrigated plants had reduced chlorophyll content (10.7%, p < 0.001), and increased leaf chlorosis (<i>p</i> = 0.003), likely caused by stress from laundry and detergent chemicals. Greywater irrigation led to greater mineral content in greywater-irrigated plant biomass and soil for all minerals tested, most notably boron, which was deficient in the soil. Greywater-irrigated soil also had a higher organic content according to FTIR and electron dispersive spectroscopy. Greywater irrigation improved nutritional and soil conditions, including phosphate, which helped Ruellia tuberosa flourish. This study suggests raw greywater can replace freshwater in water-scarce climates for green wall irrigation instead of high-energy onsite greywater treatment systems.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Sustainability<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031183" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16031183</a></p>2024-01-31T09:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.3390/su16031183https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Evaluation_of_Greywater_as_a_Sustainable_Source_of_Irrigation_for_Ornamental_Crops_in_Green_Walls_A_Study_of_Plant_and_Soil_Using_Ruellia_tuberosa/26395591CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/263955912024-01-31T09:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa Shaheeda Marakkar Anangadan (19239607) Engineering Environmental engineering Environmental sciences Soil sciences greywater treatment nature-based system green wall plant biomass water scarcity sustainability |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa |
| title_full | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa |
| title_fullStr | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa |
| title_short | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa |
| title_sort | Evaluation of Greywater as a Sustainable Source of Irrigation for Ornamental Crops in Green Walls—A Study of Plant and Soil Using Ruellia tuberosa |
| topic | Engineering Environmental engineering Environmental sciences Soil sciences greywater treatment nature-based system green wall plant biomass water scarcity sustainability |