A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis
<p dir="ltr">Gait analysis is a systematic study of human locomotion, which can be utilized in various applications, such as rehabilitation, clinical diagnostics and sports activities. The various limitations such as cost, non-portability, long setup time, post-processing time etc.,...
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2020
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| _version_ | 1864513554892193792 |
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| author | Anas M. Tahir (16870077) |
| author2 | Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526) Amith Khandakar (14151981) Sara Al-Hamouz (20280285) Merna Abdalla (20280288) Sara Awadallah (20280291) Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz (16875933) Nasser Al-Emadi (16864200) |
| author2_role | author author author author author author author |
| author_facet | Anas M. Tahir (16870077) Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526) Amith Khandakar (14151981) Sara Al-Hamouz (20280285) Merna Abdalla (20280288) Sara Awadallah (20280291) Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz (16875933) Nasser Al-Emadi (16864200) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Anas M. Tahir (16870077) Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526) Amith Khandakar (14151981) Sara Al-Hamouz (20280285) Merna Abdalla (20280288) Sara Awadallah (20280291) Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz (16875933) Nasser Al-Emadi (16864200) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2020-02-11T03:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.3390/s20040957 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_Systematic_Approach_to_the_Design_and_Characterization_of_a_Smart_Insole_for_Detecting_Vertical_Ground_Reaction_Force_vGRF_in_Gait_Analysis/27827373 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Engineering Biomedical engineering Health sciences Sports science and exercise gait analysis characterization smart insole vertical ground reaction forces force sensitive resistors piezoelectric sensors sensor calibration |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p dir="ltr">Gait analysis is a systematic study of human locomotion, which can be utilized in various applications, such as rehabilitation, clinical diagnostics and sports activities. The various limitations such as cost, non-portability, long setup time, post-processing time etc., of the current gait analysis techniques have made them unfeasible for individual use. This led to an increase in research interest in developing smart insoles where wearable sensors can be employed to detect vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) and other gait variables. Smart insoles are flexible, portable and comfortable for gait analysis, and can monitor plantar pressure frequently through embedded sensors that convert the applied pressure to an electrical signal that can be displayed and analyzed further. Several research teams are still working to improve the insoles’ features such as size, sensitivity of insoles sensors, durability, and the intelligence of insoles to monitor and control subjects’ gait by detecting various complications providing recommendation to enhance walking performance. Even though systematic sensor calibration approaches have been followed by different teams to calibrate insoles’ sensor, expensive calibration devices were used for calibration such as universal testing machines or infrared motion capture cameras equipped in motion analysis labs. This paper provides a systematic design and characterization procedure for three different pressure sensors: force-sensitive resistors (FSRs), ceramic piezoelectric sensors, and flexible piezoelectric sensors that can be used for detecting vGRF using a smart insole. A simple calibration method based on a load cell is presented as an alternative to the expensive calibration techniques. In addition, to evaluate the performance of the different sensors as a component for the smart insole, the acquired vGRF from different insoles were used to compare them. The results showed that the FSR is the most effective sensor among the three sensors for smart insole applications, whereas the piezoelectric sensors can be utilized in detecting the start and end of the gait cycle. This study will be useful for any research group in replicating the design of a customized smart insole for gait analysis.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Sensors<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040957" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040957</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_4a839a7b2de367a4a4d82bb4542f6961 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.3390/s20040957 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/27827373 |
| publishDate | 2020 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait AnalysisAnas M. Tahir (16870077)Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526)Amith Khandakar (14151981)Sara Al-Hamouz (20280285)Merna Abdalla (20280288)Sara Awadallah (20280291)Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz (16875933)Nasser Al-Emadi (16864200)EngineeringBiomedical engineeringHealth sciencesSports science and exercisegait analysischaracterizationsmart insolevertical ground reaction forcesforce sensitive resistorspiezoelectric sensorssensor calibration<p dir="ltr">Gait analysis is a systematic study of human locomotion, which can be utilized in various applications, such as rehabilitation, clinical diagnostics and sports activities. The various limitations such as cost, non-portability, long setup time, post-processing time etc., of the current gait analysis techniques have made them unfeasible for individual use. This led to an increase in research interest in developing smart insoles where wearable sensors can be employed to detect vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) and other gait variables. Smart insoles are flexible, portable and comfortable for gait analysis, and can monitor plantar pressure frequently through embedded sensors that convert the applied pressure to an electrical signal that can be displayed and analyzed further. Several research teams are still working to improve the insoles’ features such as size, sensitivity of insoles sensors, durability, and the intelligence of insoles to monitor and control subjects’ gait by detecting various complications providing recommendation to enhance walking performance. Even though systematic sensor calibration approaches have been followed by different teams to calibrate insoles’ sensor, expensive calibration devices were used for calibration such as universal testing machines or infrared motion capture cameras equipped in motion analysis labs. This paper provides a systematic design and characterization procedure for three different pressure sensors: force-sensitive resistors (FSRs), ceramic piezoelectric sensors, and flexible piezoelectric sensors that can be used for detecting vGRF using a smart insole. A simple calibration method based on a load cell is presented as an alternative to the expensive calibration techniques. In addition, to evaluate the performance of the different sensors as a component for the smart insole, the acquired vGRF from different insoles were used to compare them. The results showed that the FSR is the most effective sensor among the three sensors for smart insole applications, whereas the piezoelectric sensors can be utilized in detecting the start and end of the gait cycle. This study will be useful for any research group in replicating the design of a customized smart insole for gait analysis.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Sensors<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040957" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040957</a></p>2020-02-11T03:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.3390/s20040957https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_Systematic_Approach_to_the_Design_and_Characterization_of_a_Smart_Insole_for_Detecting_Vertical_Ground_Reaction_Force_vGRF_in_Gait_Analysis/27827373CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/278273732020-02-11T03:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis Anas M. Tahir (16870077) Engineering Biomedical engineering Health sciences Sports science and exercise gait analysis characterization smart insole vertical ground reaction forces force sensitive resistors piezoelectric sensors sensor calibration |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis |
| title_full | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis |
| title_fullStr | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis |
| title_short | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis |
| title_sort | A Systematic Approach to the Design and Characterization of a Smart Insole for Detecting Vertical Ground Reaction Force (vGRF) in Gait Analysis |
| topic | Engineering Biomedical engineering Health sciences Sports science and exercise gait analysis characterization smart insole vertical ground reaction forces force sensitive resistors piezoelectric sensors sensor calibration |