A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions

<p dir="ltr">The mechanisms based on the distributed environment have become an obvious choice for solutions, while they have not been limited only to a specific domain (i.e., crypto currency). Rather, it has influenced other industries to develop robust privacy and security solution...

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Main Author: Usman Khalil (7820876) (author)
Other Authors: Mueen-Uddin (22325353) (author), Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217) (author), Saddam Hussain (3144783) (author)
Published: 2022
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author Usman Khalil (7820876)
author2 Mueen-Uddin (22325353)
Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217)
Saddam Hussain (3144783)
author2_role author
author
author
author_facet Usman Khalil (7820876)
Mueen-Uddin (22325353)
Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217)
Saddam Hussain (3144783)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Usman Khalil (7820876)
Mueen-Uddin (22325353)
Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217)
Saddam Hussain (3144783)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2022-07-12T03:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1109/access.2022.3189998
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_Blockchain_Footprint_for_Authentication_of_IoT-Enabled_Smart_Devices_in_Smart_Cities_State-of-the-Art_Advancements_Challenges_and_Future_Research_Directions/30227545
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Engineering
Communications engineering
Information and computing sciences
Cybersecurity and privacy
Distributed computing and systems software
Ubiquitous computing
IoT
Authentication
IoT-enabled smart device
Smart city
Blockchain
Decentralized ledger technology
Cyber-physical system
Internet of Things
Security
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">The mechanisms based on the distributed environment have become an obvious choice for solutions, while they have not been limited only to a specific domain (i.e., crypto currency). Rather, it has influenced other industries to develop robust privacy and security solutions, such as smart houses, smart electrical grids, smart agriculture, smart health care, smart transportation, etc. These Cyber-Physical Systems heavily depend on IoT-based smart devices that constitute a networked system of devices dependent on each other for the smooth operation of the overall system. Hence, security and privacy have become integral to all the architectural frameworks they operate in. The adoption of these architectures, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Cyber-Physical Things (IoCPT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), and Internet of Everything (IoE), has reinforced the need to develop solutions based on a distributed environment. Distributed ledger technology, i.e., Blockchain, has taken the lead and may support the development of robust privacy and security solutions. We provide an updated review of authentication mechanisms developed on blockchain technology that enforce decentralized architectures. We discuss the security issues regarding the authentication of these IoT-enabled smart devices. We evaluate and analyze the study of the proposed literature schemes that pose authentication challenges in terms of computational costs, communication overheads, and models applied to attain robustness. Hence, lightweight solutions for managing, maintaining, processing, and storing authentication data of IoT-enabled assets are a must. From an integration perspective, cloud computing has provided strong support. In contrast, decentralized ledger technology, i.e., Blockchain, and lightweight cryptosystems are the areas for much more to explore. Finally, we discuss the future research challenges, which present an improvement standpoint to help address the ambiguities.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Access<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>  <br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3189998" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3189998</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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identifier_str_mv 10.1109/access.2022.3189998
network_acronym_str Manara2
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oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/30227545
publishDate 2022
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rights_invalid_str_mv CC BY 4.0
spelling A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research DirectionsUsman Khalil (7820876)Mueen-Uddin (22325353)Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217)Saddam Hussain (3144783)EngineeringCommunications engineeringInformation and computing sciencesCybersecurity and privacyDistributed computing and systems softwareUbiquitous computingIoTAuthenticationIoT-enabled smart deviceSmart cityBlockchainDecentralized ledger technologyCyber-physical systemInternet of ThingsSecurity<p dir="ltr">The mechanisms based on the distributed environment have become an obvious choice for solutions, while they have not been limited only to a specific domain (i.e., crypto currency). Rather, it has influenced other industries to develop robust privacy and security solutions, such as smart houses, smart electrical grids, smart agriculture, smart health care, smart transportation, etc. These Cyber-Physical Systems heavily depend on IoT-based smart devices that constitute a networked system of devices dependent on each other for the smooth operation of the overall system. Hence, security and privacy have become integral to all the architectural frameworks they operate in. The adoption of these architectures, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Cyber-Physical Things (IoCPT), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), and Internet of Everything (IoE), has reinforced the need to develop solutions based on a distributed environment. Distributed ledger technology, i.e., Blockchain, has taken the lead and may support the development of robust privacy and security solutions. We provide an updated review of authentication mechanisms developed on blockchain technology that enforce decentralized architectures. We discuss the security issues regarding the authentication of these IoT-enabled smart devices. We evaluate and analyze the study of the proposed literature schemes that pose authentication challenges in terms of computational costs, communication overheads, and models applied to attain robustness. Hence, lightweight solutions for managing, maintaining, processing, and storing authentication data of IoT-enabled assets are a must. From an integration perspective, cloud computing has provided strong support. In contrast, decentralized ledger technology, i.e., Blockchain, and lightweight cryptosystems are the areas for much more to explore. Finally, we discuss the future research challenges, which present an improvement standpoint to help address the ambiguities.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Access<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" rel="noreferrer noopener" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a>  <br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3189998" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3189998</a></p>2022-07-12T03:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1109/access.2022.3189998https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_Blockchain_Footprint_for_Authentication_of_IoT-Enabled_Smart_Devices_in_Smart_Cities_State-of-the-Art_Advancements_Challenges_and_Future_Research_Directions/30227545CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/302275452022-07-12T03:00:00Z
spellingShingle A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions
Usman Khalil (7820876)
Engineering
Communications engineering
Information and computing sciences
Cybersecurity and privacy
Distributed computing and systems software
Ubiquitous computing
IoT
Authentication
IoT-enabled smart device
Smart city
Blockchain
Decentralized ledger technology
Cyber-physical system
Internet of Things
Security
status_str publishedVersion
title A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions
title_full A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions
title_fullStr A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions
title_full_unstemmed A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions
title_short A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions
title_sort A Blockchain Footprint for Authentication of IoT-Enabled Smart Devices in Smart Cities: State-of-the-Art Advancements, Challenges and Future Research Directions
topic Engineering
Communications engineering
Information and computing sciences
Cybersecurity and privacy
Distributed computing and systems software
Ubiquitous computing
IoT
Authentication
IoT-enabled smart device
Smart city
Blockchain
Decentralized ledger technology
Cyber-physical system
Internet of Things
Security