Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures
<p>Micro-mobility vehicles, such as e-scooters and bicycles, are essential for addressing urban transportation challenges and enhancing mobility efficiency. While regulations for cyclists are generally well established, those governing e-scooters remain inconsistent, or even entirely absent in...
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| مؤلفون آخرون: | , , , , |
| منشور في: |
2025
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| _version_ | 1864513523613171712 |
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| author | Abubeker Nemo Arshi (23124601) |
| author2 | Charitha Dias (12191671) Wael K.M. Alhajyaseen (16936908) Qinaat Hussain (15294164) Christian Samson (23124604) Zahid Hussain (661225) |
| author2_role | author author author author author |
| author_facet | Abubeker Nemo Arshi (23124601) Charitha Dias (12191671) Wael K.M. Alhajyaseen (16936908) Qinaat Hussain (15294164) Christian Samson (23124604) Zahid Hussain (661225) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Abubeker Nemo Arshi (23124601) Charitha Dias (12191671) Wael K.M. Alhajyaseen (16936908) Qinaat Hussain (15294164) Christian Samson (23124604) Zahid Hussain (661225) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-10-17T09:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1016/j.trf.2025.103407 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Can_pedestrians_safely_navigate_shared_sidewalks_with_e-scooters_and_bicycles_A_behavioral_analysis_using_surrogate_safety_measures/31239892 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Built environment and design Urban and regional planning Law and legal studies Law in context Vulnerable road users E-scooters Safety Shared sidewalks Surrogate safety measures Virtual reality |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p>Micro-mobility vehicles, such as e-scooters and bicycles, are essential for addressing urban transportation challenges and enhancing mobility efficiency. While regulations for cyclists are generally well established, those governing e-scooters remain inconsistent, or even entirely absent in some countries. This lack of regulatory clarity has raised concerns regarding the safety of pedestrians and other road users when interacting with e-scooters in mixed-traffic environments. This study assessed and compared pedestrian avoidance behaviors when interacting with bicycles and e-scooters on shared sidewalks using data collected through a controlled experiment conducted in a virtual reality setting. Both objective measures (relative longitudinal distance at avoidance, lateral clearance, and post-encroachment time) and subjective measures (perceived safety and comfort) were used to evaluate pedestrian behaviors. The findings reveal that the behavior of micro-mobility vehicles, such as speed, longitudinal and lateral positioning are critical factors influencing both objective measures and pedestrians perceived safety. As the speed of micro-mobility vehicle increases, pedestrian initiates avoidance at progressively greater distance and experience heightened perceived risk. A high perceived safety and comfort level (≥99%) was achieved when micro-mobility vehicles traveled at 10 km/h or less, with minimum lateral clearance of approximately 0.86 m for e-scooters and 1.11 m for bicycles, corresponding to a minimum sidewalk width of 2.00 and 2.30 m, respectively. These trends highlight the need for wider sidewalks to ensure safer interactions between pedestrians and micro-mobility vehicles as their speed increases. Overall, this study underscores the importance of thoughtful infrastructure design and well-enforced speed limit to create safer and more inclusive shared mobility spaces for all urban road users.</p><h2>Other Information</h2> <p> Published in: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour<br> License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.103407" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.103407</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_548b6a9cd1e59d7ab4a10cce18db5fcf |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1016/j.trf.2025.103407 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/31239892 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measuresAbubeker Nemo Arshi (23124601)Charitha Dias (12191671)Wael K.M. Alhajyaseen (16936908)Qinaat Hussain (15294164)Christian Samson (23124604)Zahid Hussain (661225)Built environment and designUrban and regional planningLaw and legal studiesLaw in contextVulnerable road usersE-scootersSafetyShared sidewalksSurrogate safety measuresVirtual reality<p>Micro-mobility vehicles, such as e-scooters and bicycles, are essential for addressing urban transportation challenges and enhancing mobility efficiency. While regulations for cyclists are generally well established, those governing e-scooters remain inconsistent, or even entirely absent in some countries. This lack of regulatory clarity has raised concerns regarding the safety of pedestrians and other road users when interacting with e-scooters in mixed-traffic environments. This study assessed and compared pedestrian avoidance behaviors when interacting with bicycles and e-scooters on shared sidewalks using data collected through a controlled experiment conducted in a virtual reality setting. Both objective measures (relative longitudinal distance at avoidance, lateral clearance, and post-encroachment time) and subjective measures (perceived safety and comfort) were used to evaluate pedestrian behaviors. The findings reveal that the behavior of micro-mobility vehicles, such as speed, longitudinal and lateral positioning are critical factors influencing both objective measures and pedestrians perceived safety. As the speed of micro-mobility vehicle increases, pedestrian initiates avoidance at progressively greater distance and experience heightened perceived risk. A high perceived safety and comfort level (≥99%) was achieved when micro-mobility vehicles traveled at 10 km/h or less, with minimum lateral clearance of approximately 0.86 m for e-scooters and 1.11 m for bicycles, corresponding to a minimum sidewalk width of 2.00 and 2.30 m, respectively. These trends highlight the need for wider sidewalks to ensure safer interactions between pedestrians and micro-mobility vehicles as their speed increases. Overall, this study underscores the importance of thoughtful infrastructure design and well-enforced speed limit to create safer and more inclusive shared mobility spaces for all urban road users.</p><h2>Other Information</h2> <p> Published in: Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour<br> License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.103407" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2025.103407</a></p>2025-10-17T09:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1016/j.trf.2025.103407https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Can_pedestrians_safely_navigate_shared_sidewalks_with_e-scooters_and_bicycles_A_behavioral_analysis_using_surrogate_safety_measures/31239892CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/312398922025-10-17T09:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures Abubeker Nemo Arshi (23124601) Built environment and design Urban and regional planning Law and legal studies Law in context Vulnerable road users E-scooters Safety Shared sidewalks Surrogate safety measures Virtual reality |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures |
| title_full | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures |
| title_fullStr | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures |
| title_full_unstemmed | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures |
| title_short | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures |
| title_sort | Can pedestrians safely navigate shared sidewalks with e-scooters and bicycles? A behavioral analysis using surrogate safety measures |
| topic | Built environment and design Urban and regional planning Law and legal studies Law in context Vulnerable road users E-scooters Safety Shared sidewalks Surrogate safety measures Virtual reality |