Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago
<p dir="ltr">The importance of metallurgy for social and economic development is indisputable. Although copper (Cu) was essential for the wealth of pre- and post-colonial societies in the Andes, the onset of extensive Cu metallurgy in South America is still debated. Comprehensive arc...
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2017
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| _version_ | 1864513556588789760 |
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| author | A. Eichler (3860647) |
| author2 | G. Gramlich (19725373) T. Kellerhals (19725376) L. Tobler (19725379) Th. Rehren (17196733) M. Schwikowski (3335343) |
| author2_role | author author author author author |
| author_facet | A. Eichler (3860647) G. Gramlich (19725373) T. Kellerhals (19725376) L. Tobler (19725379) Th. Rehren (17196733) M. Schwikowski (3335343) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | A. Eichler (3860647) G. Gramlich (19725373) T. Kellerhals (19725376) L. Tobler (19725379) Th. Rehren (17196733) M. Schwikowski (3335343) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2017-01-31T03:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1038/srep41855 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Ice-core_evidence_of_earliest_extensive_copper_metallurgy_in_the_Andes_2700_years_ago/27088000 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Environmental sciences Environmental management History, heritage and archaeology Archaeology Metallurgy Copper (Cu) Social development Economic development Moche culture |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p dir="ltr">The importance of metallurgy for social and economic development is indisputable. Although copper (Cu) was essential for the wealth of pre- and post-colonial societies in the Andes, the onset of extensive Cu metallurgy in South America is still debated. Comprehensive archaeological findings point to first sophisticated Cu metallurgy during the Moche culture ~200–800 AD, whereas peat-bog records from southern South America suggest earliest pollution potentially from Cu smelting as far back as ~2000 BC. Here we present a 6500-years Cu emission history for the Andean Altiplano, based on ice-core records from Illimani glacier in Bolivia, providing the first complete history of large-scale Cu smelting activities in South America. We find earliest anthropogenic Cu pollution during the Early Horizon period ~700–50 BC, and attribute the onset of intensified Cu smelting in South America to the activities of the central Andean Chiripa and Chavin cultures ~2700 years ago. This study provides for the first time substantial evidence for extensive Cu metallurgy already during these early cultures.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Scientific Reports<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep41855" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep41855</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_5aa82ac5069bb5097407cd55f2e82c05 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1038/srep41855 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/27088000 |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years agoA. Eichler (3860647)G. Gramlich (19725373)T. Kellerhals (19725376)L. Tobler (19725379)Th. Rehren (17196733)M. Schwikowski (3335343)Environmental sciencesEnvironmental managementHistory, heritage and archaeologyArchaeologyMetallurgyCopper (Cu)Social developmentEconomic developmentMoche culture<p dir="ltr">The importance of metallurgy for social and economic development is indisputable. Although copper (Cu) was essential for the wealth of pre- and post-colonial societies in the Andes, the onset of extensive Cu metallurgy in South America is still debated. Comprehensive archaeological findings point to first sophisticated Cu metallurgy during the Moche culture ~200–800 AD, whereas peat-bog records from southern South America suggest earliest pollution potentially from Cu smelting as far back as ~2000 BC. Here we present a 6500-years Cu emission history for the Andean Altiplano, based on ice-core records from Illimani glacier in Bolivia, providing the first complete history of large-scale Cu smelting activities in South America. We find earliest anthropogenic Cu pollution during the Early Horizon period ~700–50 BC, and attribute the onset of intensified Cu smelting in South America to the activities of the central Andean Chiripa and Chavin cultures ~2700 years ago. This study provides for the first time substantial evidence for extensive Cu metallurgy already during these early cultures.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Scientific Reports<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep41855" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep41855</a></p>2017-01-31T03:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1038/srep41855https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Ice-core_evidence_of_earliest_extensive_copper_metallurgy_in_the_Andes_2700_years_ago/27088000CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/270880002017-01-31T03:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago A. Eichler (3860647) Environmental sciences Environmental management History, heritage and archaeology Archaeology Metallurgy Copper (Cu) Social development Economic development Moche culture |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago |
| title_full | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago |
| title_fullStr | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago |
| title_short | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago |
| title_sort | Ice-core evidence of earliest extensive copper metallurgy in the Andes 2700 years ago |
| topic | Environmental sciences Environmental management History, heritage and archaeology Archaeology Metallurgy Copper (Cu) Social development Economic development Moche culture |