The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity
<p dir="ltr">Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are chemically classified as psychoactive substances that target the endocannabinoid system in many body organs. SCs can initiate pathophysiological changes in many tissues which can be severe enough to damage the normal functionality of our...
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2024
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| _version_ | 1864513518521286656 |
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| author | Ayman Alzu’bi (13162392) |
| author2 | Fatimah Almahasneh (21633368) Ramada Khasawneh (21633371) Ejlal Abu-El-Rub (5168183) Worood Bani Baker (18192901) Raed M. Al-Zoubi (2037490) |
| author2_role | author author author author author |
| author_facet | Ayman Alzu’bi (13162392) Fatimah Almahasneh (21633368) Ramada Khasawneh (21633371) Ejlal Abu-El-Rub (5168183) Worood Bani Baker (18192901) Raed M. Al-Zoubi (2037490) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Ayman Alzu’bi (13162392) Fatimah Almahasneh (21633368) Ramada Khasawneh (21633371) Ejlal Abu-El-Rub (5168183) Worood Bani Baker (18192901) Raed M. Al-Zoubi (2037490) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2024-01-12T09:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_synthetic_cannabinoids_menace_a_review_of_health_risks_and_toxicity/29445938 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Biomedical and clinical sciences Cardiovascular medicine and haematology Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences Synthetic cannabinoids Spices K2 Toxicity Designer drugs |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p dir="ltr">Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are chemically classified as psychoactive substances that target the endocannabinoid system in many body organs. SCs can initiate pathophysiological changes in many tissues which can be severe enough to damage the normal functionality of our body systems. The majority of SCs-related side effects are mediated by activating Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2R). The activation of these receptors can enkindle many downstream signalling pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that ultimately can produce deleterious changes in many organs. Besides activating the cannabinoid receptors, SCs can act on non-cannabinoid targets, such as the orphan G protein receptors GPR55 and GPR18, the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors (PPARs), and the Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which are broadly expressed in the brain and the heart and their activation mediates many pharmacological effects of SCs. In this review, we shed light on the multisystem complications found in SCs abusers, particularly discussing their neurologic, cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic effects, as well as highlighting the mechanisms that intermediate SCs-related pharmacological and toxicological consequences to provide comprehensive understanding of their short and long-term systemic effects.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: European Journal of Medical Research<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_6367f9a668bec4230353a59f5196c3bd |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/29445938 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicityAyman Alzu’bi (13162392)Fatimah Almahasneh (21633368)Ramada Khasawneh (21633371)Ejlal Abu-El-Rub (5168183)Worood Bani Baker (18192901)Raed M. Al-Zoubi (2037490)Biomedical and clinical sciencesCardiovascular medicine and haematologyPharmacology and pharmaceutical sciencesSynthetic cannabinoidsSpicesK2ToxicityDesigner drugs<p dir="ltr">Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are chemically classified as psychoactive substances that target the endocannabinoid system in many body organs. SCs can initiate pathophysiological changes in many tissues which can be severe enough to damage the normal functionality of our body systems. The majority of SCs-related side effects are mediated by activating Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1R) and Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2R). The activation of these receptors can enkindle many downstream signalling pathways, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis that ultimately can produce deleterious changes in many organs. Besides activating the cannabinoid receptors, SCs can act on non-cannabinoid targets, such as the orphan G protein receptors GPR55 and GPR18, the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors (PPARs), and the Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), which are broadly expressed in the brain and the heart and their activation mediates many pharmacological effects of SCs. In this review, we shed light on the multisystem complications found in SCs abusers, particularly discussing their neurologic, cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic effects, as well as highlighting the mechanisms that intermediate SCs-related pharmacological and toxicological consequences to provide comprehensive understanding of their short and long-term systemic effects.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: European Journal of Medical Research<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6</a></p>2024-01-12T09:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1186/s40001-023-01443-6https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/The_synthetic_cannabinoids_menace_a_review_of_health_risks_and_toxicity/29445938CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/294459382024-01-12T09:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity Ayman Alzu’bi (13162392) Biomedical and clinical sciences Cardiovascular medicine and haematology Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences Synthetic cannabinoids Spices K2 Toxicity Designer drugs |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity |
| title_full | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity |
| title_fullStr | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity |
| title_short | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity |
| title_sort | The synthetic cannabinoids menace: a review of health risks and toxicity |
| topic | Biomedical and clinical sciences Cardiovascular medicine and haematology Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences Synthetic cannabinoids Spices K2 Toxicity Designer drugs |