State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications

<p dir="ltr">The transport sector has been moving toward electrification due to the significant advancement in E-mobility technology. This prioritizes reliable and safe battery energy storage system (BESS) operation. Therefore, accurate battery state-of-charge (SoC) estimation is ess...

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التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي: Mena S. ElMenshawy (17983807) (author)
مؤلفون آخرون: Ahmed M. Massoud (16896417) (author), Paolo Guglielmi (3259485) (author)
منشور في: 2025
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author Mena S. ElMenshawy (17983807)
author2 Ahmed M. Massoud (16896417)
Paolo Guglielmi (3259485)
author2_role author
author
author_facet Mena S. ElMenshawy (17983807)
Ahmed M. Massoud (16896417)
Paolo Guglielmi (3259485)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Mena S. ElMenshawy (17983807)
Ahmed M. Massoud (16896417)
Paolo Guglielmi (3259485)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-04-01T00:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1109/tte.2024.3514704
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/State-of-Charge_Estimation_Using_Triple_Forgetting_Factor_Adaptive_Extended_Kalman_Filter_for_Battery_Energy_Storage_Systems_in_Electric_Bus_Applications/30173383
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Engineering
Electrical engineering
Electronics, sensors and digital hardware
Battery energy storage system (BESS)
electric buses (EBs)
state of charge (SoC)
triple forgetting factor adaptive extended Kalman filter (TFF-AEKF)
Integrated circuit modeling
Estimation
Batteries
Computational modeling
Accuracy
Observers
Noise
Temperature measurement
Mathematical models
Data models
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">The transport sector has been moving toward electrification due to the significant advancement in E-mobility technology. This prioritizes reliable and safe battery energy storage system (BESS) operation. Therefore, accurate battery state-of-charge (SoC) estimation is essential in effectively monitoring and controlling the BESS stability. Many studies have been conducted to estimate the BESS SoC and improve the estimation accuracy. Nevertheless, considering system complexity and computational efforts, the suggested SoC estimate techniques fall short of providing optimal filtering performance with high noise levels. In this regard, this article introduces SoC estimation using the triple forgetting factor adaptive extended Kalman filter (TFF-AEKF) to provide better SoC estimation accuracy and faster convergence considering the high measurement noise levels and environmental circumstances encountered by the operation of electric buses (EBs). The performance of the proposed TFF-AEKF is evaluated and compared to the conventional adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) and the dual forgetting factor AEKF (DFF-AEKF), considering low and high measurement noise levels. It has been validated that the proposed algorithm can provide faster convergence and better accuracy when considering a high measurement noise level. In addition, the three filters are evaluated using four performance indicators, namely, maximum absolute error (MaxAE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and convergence time. It is concluded that the presented method offers faster convergence and lower error. Results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm provides an RMSE of 0.3%, an MAE of 0.01%, and a MaxAE of 1.7% for SoC estimation.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tte.2024.3514704" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tte.2024.3514704</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara2_64e730b8dbdd732e44d84ef5fa304f7d
identifier_str_mv 10.1109/tte.2024.3514704
network_acronym_str Manara2
network_name_str Manara2
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/30173383
publishDate 2025
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spelling State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus ApplicationsMena S. ElMenshawy (17983807)Ahmed M. Massoud (16896417)Paolo Guglielmi (3259485)EngineeringElectrical engineeringElectronics, sensors and digital hardwareBattery energy storage system (BESS)electric buses (EBs)state of charge (SoC)triple forgetting factor adaptive extended Kalman filter (TFF-AEKF)Integrated circuit modelingEstimationBatteriesComputational modelingAccuracyObserversNoiseTemperature measurementMathematical modelsData models<p dir="ltr">The transport sector has been moving toward electrification due to the significant advancement in E-mobility technology. This prioritizes reliable and safe battery energy storage system (BESS) operation. Therefore, accurate battery state-of-charge (SoC) estimation is essential in effectively monitoring and controlling the BESS stability. Many studies have been conducted to estimate the BESS SoC and improve the estimation accuracy. Nevertheless, considering system complexity and computational efforts, the suggested SoC estimate techniques fall short of providing optimal filtering performance with high noise levels. In this regard, this article introduces SoC estimation using the triple forgetting factor adaptive extended Kalman filter (TFF-AEKF) to provide better SoC estimation accuracy and faster convergence considering the high measurement noise levels and environmental circumstances encountered by the operation of electric buses (EBs). The performance of the proposed TFF-AEKF is evaluated and compared to the conventional adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) and the dual forgetting factor AEKF (DFF-AEKF), considering low and high measurement noise levels. It has been validated that the proposed algorithm can provide faster convergence and better accuracy when considering a high measurement noise level. In addition, the three filters are evaluated using four performance indicators, namely, maximum absolute error (MaxAE), mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and convergence time. It is concluded that the presented method offers faster convergence and lower error. Results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm provides an RMSE of 0.3%, an MAE of 0.01%, and a MaxAE of 1.7% for SoC estimation.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tte.2024.3514704" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tte.2024.3514704</a></p>2025-04-01T00:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1109/tte.2024.3514704https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/State-of-Charge_Estimation_Using_Triple_Forgetting_Factor_Adaptive_Extended_Kalman_Filter_for_Battery_Energy_Storage_Systems_in_Electric_Bus_Applications/30173383CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/301733832025-04-01T00:00:00Z
spellingShingle State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications
Mena S. ElMenshawy (17983807)
Engineering
Electrical engineering
Electronics, sensors and digital hardware
Battery energy storage system (BESS)
electric buses (EBs)
state of charge (SoC)
triple forgetting factor adaptive extended Kalman filter (TFF-AEKF)
Integrated circuit modeling
Estimation
Batteries
Computational modeling
Accuracy
Observers
Noise
Temperature measurement
Mathematical models
Data models
status_str publishedVersion
title State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications
title_full State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications
title_fullStr State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications
title_full_unstemmed State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications
title_short State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications
title_sort State-of-Charge Estimation Using Triple Forgetting Factor Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter for Battery Energy Storage Systems in Electric Bus Applications
topic Engineering
Electrical engineering
Electronics, sensors and digital hardware
Battery energy storage system (BESS)
electric buses (EBs)
state of charge (SoC)
triple forgetting factor adaptive extended Kalman filter (TFF-AEKF)
Integrated circuit modeling
Estimation
Batteries
Computational modeling
Accuracy
Observers
Noise
Temperature measurement
Mathematical models
Data models