Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems

<p dir="ltr">The rise of decentralized technologies introduces challenges in fairness, efficiency, and scalability within distributed ledger protocols. The Internet of Things Applications (IOTA) Tangle, a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based structure, addresses these challenges by ena...

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محفوظ في:
التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي: Mays Alshaikhli (22564811) (author)
مؤلفون آخرون: Somaya Al-Maadeed (5178131) (author), Moutaz Saleh (14151402) (author)
منشور في: 2025
الموضوعات:
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الوصف
الملخص:<p dir="ltr">The rise of decentralized technologies introduces challenges in fairness, efficiency, and scalability within distributed ledger protocols. The Internet of Things Applications (IOTA) Tangle, a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based structure, addresses these challenges by enabling scalable, feeless transactions for IoT applications. This study presents a novel Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP)-based Tip Selection Algorithm (TSA) to optimize fairness in the IOTA Tangle. The proposed TSA reduces orphaned transactions to as low as 0.003% and eliminates lazy tip selection under medium network loads. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the POMDP-based TSA confirms up to 107 transactions at optimal lambda values, outperforming existing algorithms like Weighted TSA by 328% in efficiency. This algorithm offers significant scalability, fairness, and adaptability, making it a robust solution for IoT-based decentralized applications. These findings advance DAG-based distributed ledger systems by addressing orphaned transactions and lazy behavior, ensuring secure and efficient operations under diverse network conditions.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Cluster Computing<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8</a></p>