Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems

<p dir="ltr">The rise of decentralized technologies introduces challenges in fairness, efficiency, and scalability within distributed ledger protocols. The Internet of Things Applications (IOTA) Tangle, a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based structure, addresses these challenges by ena...

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محفوظ في:
التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي: Mays Alshaikhli (22564811) (author)
مؤلفون آخرون: Somaya Al-Maadeed (5178131) (author), Moutaz Saleh (14151402) (author)
منشور في: 2025
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author Mays Alshaikhli (22564811)
author2 Somaya Al-Maadeed (5178131)
Moutaz Saleh (14151402)
author2_role author
author
author_facet Mays Alshaikhli (22564811)
Somaya Al-Maadeed (5178131)
Moutaz Saleh (14151402)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Mays Alshaikhli (22564811)
Somaya Al-Maadeed (5178131)
Moutaz Saleh (14151402)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-09-29T09:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Enhancing_fairness_and_scalability_in_IOTA_tangle_networks_a_POMDP-based_tip_selection_algorithm_for_decentralized_systems/30540851
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Computer vision and multimedia computation
Machine learning
IOTA tangle
Distributed ledger technology
Tip selection algorithm
POMDP
IoT
Blockchain
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">The rise of decentralized technologies introduces challenges in fairness, efficiency, and scalability within distributed ledger protocols. The Internet of Things Applications (IOTA) Tangle, a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based structure, addresses these challenges by enabling scalable, feeless transactions for IoT applications. This study presents a novel Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP)-based Tip Selection Algorithm (TSA) to optimize fairness in the IOTA Tangle. The proposed TSA reduces orphaned transactions to as low as 0.003% and eliminates lazy tip selection under medium network loads. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the POMDP-based TSA confirms up to 107 transactions at optimal lambda values, outperforming existing algorithms like Weighted TSA by 328% in efficiency. This algorithm offers significant scalability, fairness, and adaptability, making it a robust solution for IoT-based decentralized applications. These findings advance DAG-based distributed ledger systems by addressing orphaned transactions and lazy behavior, ensuring secure and efficient operations under diverse network conditions.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Cluster Computing<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara2_68deb12e27769bb6068b9020bf5cb85a
identifier_str_mv 10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8
network_acronym_str Manara2
network_name_str Manara2
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/30540851
publishDate 2025
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spelling Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systemsMays Alshaikhli (22564811)Somaya Al-Maadeed (5178131)Moutaz Saleh (14151402)Information and computing sciencesArtificial intelligenceComputer vision and multimedia computationMachine learningIOTA tangleDistributed ledger technologyTip selection algorithmPOMDPIoTBlockchain<p dir="ltr">The rise of decentralized technologies introduces challenges in fairness, efficiency, and scalability within distributed ledger protocols. The Internet of Things Applications (IOTA) Tangle, a directed acyclic graph (DAG)-based structure, addresses these challenges by enabling scalable, feeless transactions for IoT applications. This study presents a novel Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP)-based Tip Selection Algorithm (TSA) to optimize fairness in the IOTA Tangle. The proposed TSA reduces orphaned transactions to as low as 0.003% and eliminates lazy tip selection under medium network loads. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the POMDP-based TSA confirms up to 107 transactions at optimal lambda values, outperforming existing algorithms like Weighted TSA by 328% in efficiency. This algorithm offers significant scalability, fairness, and adaptability, making it a robust solution for IoT-based decentralized applications. These findings advance DAG-based distributed ledger systems by addressing orphaned transactions and lazy behavior, ensuring secure and efficient operations under diverse network conditions.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Cluster Computing<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8</a></p>2025-09-29T09:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1007/s10586-025-05432-8https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Enhancing_fairness_and_scalability_in_IOTA_tangle_networks_a_POMDP-based_tip_selection_algorithm_for_decentralized_systems/30540851CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/305408512025-09-29T09:00:00Z
spellingShingle Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems
Mays Alshaikhli (22564811)
Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Computer vision and multimedia computation
Machine learning
IOTA tangle
Distributed ledger technology
Tip selection algorithm
POMDP
IoT
Blockchain
status_str publishedVersion
title Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems
title_full Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems
title_fullStr Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems
title_full_unstemmed Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems
title_short Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems
title_sort Enhancing fairness and scalability in IOTA tangle networks: a POMDP-based tip selection algorithm for decentralized systems
topic Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Computer vision and multimedia computation
Machine learning
IOTA tangle
Distributed ledger technology
Tip selection algorithm
POMDP
IoT
Blockchain