An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT

<p dir="ltr">Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are common medical diseases that occur from bacterial infections which can impact any area of the urinary system. Detecting urine particles is crucial for diagnosing UTIs and other renal abnormalities, as the presence of red blood cells (R...

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Main Author: Mansura Naznine (21399893) (author)
Other Authors: Abdus Salam (1918387) (author), Muhammad Mohsin Khan (22150360) (author), Sadia Farhana Nobi (21512813) (author), Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526) (author)
Published: 2025
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_version_ 1864513533136338944
author Mansura Naznine (21399893)
author2 Abdus Salam (1918387)
Muhammad Mohsin Khan (22150360)
Sadia Farhana Nobi (21512813)
Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author_facet Mansura Naznine (21399893)
Abdus Salam (1918387)
Muhammad Mohsin Khan (22150360)
Sadia Farhana Nobi (21512813)
Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Mansura Naznine (21399893)
Abdus Salam (1918387)
Muhammad Mohsin Khan (22150360)
Sadia Farhana Nobi (21512813)
Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-06-18T12:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1109/access.2025.3577959
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/An_Ensemble_Deep_Learning_Approach_for_Accurate_Urinary_Sediment_Detection_Using_YOLOv9e_and_KD-YOLOX-ViT/30542276
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Urine sediment detection
YOLOv9e
KD-YOLOX-ViT
external validation
ensembling methods
Accuracy
Adaptation models
Kidney
Deep learning
Microscopy
White blood cells
Medical diagnostic imaging
Feature extraction
Bacteria
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are common medical diseases that occur from bacterial infections which can impact any area of the urinary system. Detecting urine particles is crucial for diagnosing UTIs and other renal abnormalities, as the presence of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), casts, fungi, and bacteria in urine can indicate disorders such as hematuria, kidney stones, and urinary tract malignancies. This study introduces an advanced deep learning method that utilizes ensemble of YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT models. YOLOv9e model is built upon the Generalized Efficient Layer Aggregation Network (GELAN) and Programmable Gradient Information (PGI). The KD-YOLOX-ViT model integrates knowledge distillation and Vision Transformer (ViT) modules within the YOLOX framework to improve performance. This ensemble framework combines the strengths of YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT models to automate the detection and classification of seven distinct urine sediment particles, effectively addressing challenges related to class imbalance, image resolution, and domain adaptation. The YOLOv9e model exhibited exceptional performance, obtaining precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP50) scores of 88.5%, 88.1%, and 92.2%, respectively. The KD-YOLOX-ViT model also performed well, achieving precision, recall, mAP50, and mAP50-95 scores of 86%, 88%, 86.7%, and 53.3%, respectively. By ensembling YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT using Weighted Box Fusion (WBF), the model achieved a final mAP50 of 94.18%. The model’s adaptability was further validated through rigorous external validation on a novel dataset, yielding in a mAP50 of 94.64%. Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art methods confirms the model’s real-time analytical capabilities. Moreover, the integration of eXplainable AI (XAI) enhances interpretability, offering valuable insights for confident clinical diagnosis. This comprehensive approach shows significant promise in advancing diagnostic accuracy and enabling earlier, real-time treatment on a global scale</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Access<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3577959" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3577959</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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identifier_str_mv 10.1109/access.2025.3577959
network_acronym_str Manara2
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oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/30542276
publishDate 2025
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spelling An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViTMansura Naznine (21399893)Abdus Salam (1918387)Muhammad Mohsin Khan (22150360)Sadia Farhana Nobi (21512813)Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury (14150526)EngineeringBiomedical engineeringInformation and computing sciencesArtificial intelligenceUrine sediment detectionYOLOv9eKD-YOLOX-ViTexternal validationensembling methodsAccuracyAdaptation modelsKidneyDeep learningMicroscopyWhite blood cellsMedical diagnostic imagingFeature extractionBacteria<p dir="ltr">Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are common medical diseases that occur from bacterial infections which can impact any area of the urinary system. Detecting urine particles is crucial for diagnosing UTIs and other renal abnormalities, as the presence of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), casts, fungi, and bacteria in urine can indicate disorders such as hematuria, kidney stones, and urinary tract malignancies. This study introduces an advanced deep learning method that utilizes ensemble of YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT models. YOLOv9e model is built upon the Generalized Efficient Layer Aggregation Network (GELAN) and Programmable Gradient Information (PGI). The KD-YOLOX-ViT model integrates knowledge distillation and Vision Transformer (ViT) modules within the YOLOX framework to improve performance. This ensemble framework combines the strengths of YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT models to automate the detection and classification of seven distinct urine sediment particles, effectively addressing challenges related to class imbalance, image resolution, and domain adaptation. The YOLOv9e model exhibited exceptional performance, obtaining precision, recall, and mean average precision (mAP50) scores of 88.5%, 88.1%, and 92.2%, respectively. The KD-YOLOX-ViT model also performed well, achieving precision, recall, mAP50, and mAP50-95 scores of 86%, 88%, 86.7%, and 53.3%, respectively. By ensembling YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT using Weighted Box Fusion (WBF), the model achieved a final mAP50 of 94.18%. The model’s adaptability was further validated through rigorous external validation on a novel dataset, yielding in a mAP50 of 94.64%. Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art methods confirms the model’s real-time analytical capabilities. Moreover, the integration of eXplainable AI (XAI) enhances interpretability, offering valuable insights for confident clinical diagnosis. This comprehensive approach shows significant promise in advancing diagnostic accuracy and enabling earlier, real-time treatment on a global scale</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Access<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3577959" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3577959</a></p>2025-06-18T12:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1109/access.2025.3577959https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/An_Ensemble_Deep_Learning_Approach_for_Accurate_Urinary_Sediment_Detection_Using_YOLOv9e_and_KD-YOLOX-ViT/30542276CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/305422762025-06-18T12:00:00Z
spellingShingle An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT
Mansura Naznine (21399893)
Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Urine sediment detection
YOLOv9e
KD-YOLOX-ViT
external validation
ensembling methods
Accuracy
Adaptation models
Kidney
Deep learning
Microscopy
White blood cells
Medical diagnostic imaging
Feature extraction
Bacteria
status_str publishedVersion
title An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT
title_full An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT
title_fullStr An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT
title_full_unstemmed An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT
title_short An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT
title_sort An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Urinary Sediment Detection Using YOLOv9e and KD-YOLOX-ViT
topic Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Urine sediment detection
YOLOv9e
KD-YOLOX-ViT
external validation
ensembling methods
Accuracy
Adaptation models
Kidney
Deep learning
Microscopy
White blood cells
Medical diagnostic imaging
Feature extraction
Bacteria