Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis

<p dir="ltr">The use of image analysis has often been suggested as a practical way to monitor the soiling accumulated on the surfaces of solar energy conversion devices. Indeed, the deposited soiling particles can be counted and characterized to calculate the area they cover, and thi...

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Main Author: Leonardo Micheli (17509800) (author)
Other Authors: Greg P. Smestad (17509806) (author), Muhammad Zahid Khan (9533008) (author), Katja Lange (3450476) (author), Huda M. I. Almughary (19342546) (author), Mounir Abraim (19342549) (author), Yanal Alamat (19342552) (author), Cody B. Anderson (19342555) (author), Said Bentouba (19342558) (author), Benjamin Figgis (18427935) (author), Pavan Fuke (19342561) (author), Ahmed Amine Hachicha (19342564) (author), Mounia Karim (19342567) (author), Anil Kottantharayil (1854736) (author), Alfredo A. Martinez-Morales (2452978) (author), Ahmed Alami Merrouni (19342570) (author), Douglas Olivares (19342573) (author), Giovanni Picotti (19342576) (author), Jorge Rabanal-Arabach (19342579) (author), Florian Wiesinger (7470617) (author), Klemens Ilse (19342582) (author)
Published: 2023
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author Leonardo Micheli (17509800)
author2 Greg P. Smestad (17509806)
Muhammad Zahid Khan (9533008)
Katja Lange (3450476)
Huda M. I. Almughary (19342546)
Mounir Abraim (19342549)
Yanal Alamat (19342552)
Cody B. Anderson (19342555)
Said Bentouba (19342558)
Benjamin Figgis (18427935)
Pavan Fuke (19342561)
Ahmed Amine Hachicha (19342564)
Mounia Karim (19342567)
Anil Kottantharayil (1854736)
Alfredo A. Martinez-Morales (2452978)
Ahmed Alami Merrouni (19342570)
Douglas Olivares (19342573)
Giovanni Picotti (19342576)
Jorge Rabanal-Arabach (19342579)
Florian Wiesinger (7470617)
Klemens Ilse (19342582)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
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author_facet Leonardo Micheli (17509800)
Greg P. Smestad (17509806)
Muhammad Zahid Khan (9533008)
Katja Lange (3450476)
Huda M. I. Almughary (19342546)
Mounir Abraim (19342549)
Yanal Alamat (19342552)
Cody B. Anderson (19342555)
Said Bentouba (19342558)
Benjamin Figgis (18427935)
Pavan Fuke (19342561)
Ahmed Amine Hachicha (19342564)
Mounia Karim (19342567)
Anil Kottantharayil (1854736)
Alfredo A. Martinez-Morales (2452978)
Ahmed Alami Merrouni (19342570)
Douglas Olivares (19342573)
Giovanni Picotti (19342576)
Jorge Rabanal-Arabach (19342579)
Florian Wiesinger (7470617)
Klemens Ilse (19342582)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Leonardo Micheli (17509800)
Greg P. Smestad (17509806)
Muhammad Zahid Khan (9533008)
Katja Lange (3450476)
Huda M. I. Almughary (19342546)
Mounir Abraim (19342549)
Yanal Alamat (19342552)
Cody B. Anderson (19342555)
Said Bentouba (19342558)
Benjamin Figgis (18427935)
Pavan Fuke (19342561)
Ahmed Amine Hachicha (19342564)
Mounia Karim (19342567)
Anil Kottantharayil (1854736)
Alfredo A. Martinez-Morales (2452978)
Ahmed Alami Merrouni (19342570)
Douglas Olivares (19342573)
Giovanni Picotti (19342576)
Jorge Rabanal-Arabach (19342579)
Florian Wiesinger (7470617)
Klemens Ilse (19342582)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2023-08-17T15:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1002/solr.202300654
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Soiling_in_Solar_Energy_Systems_The_Role_of_the_Thresholding_Method_in_Image_Analysis/26508304
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Engineering
Environmental engineering
Mathematical sciences
Applied mathematics
Image Analysis
Solar Energy
Soiling Monitoring
Particle Counting
Thresholding Methods
Micrograph Analysis
Surface Coverage
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">The use of image analysis has often been suggested as a practical way to monitor the soiling accumulated on the surfaces of solar energy conversion devices. Indeed, the deposited soiling particles can be counted and characterized to calculate the area they cover, and this area can be converted into an energy loss. However, several particle counting methodologies exist and can lead to dissimilar results. This work focuses on the role of thresholding, an essential step where particles are distinguished from a background based on the pixel brightness. Sixteen automatic thresholding methods are assessed using 13 200 micrographs of glass coupons soiled at nine locations globally. In low‐to‐intermediate soiling conditions, the “Triangle” method is found to return the minimum coefficient of variation and a mean deviation closer to zero. On the other hand, methods assuming a bimodal distribution of pixel brightness underestimate the area coverage. In addition, since soiling can be unevenly distributed over a surface, different loss estimations can be returned when the same image analysis process is used on different spots on a sample's surface. For these reasons, image analysis should be repeated at multiple locations on each investigated surface.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Solar RRL<br>License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300654" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300654</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara2_8b289830e537ae6d44da11b7a77c532d
identifier_str_mv 10.1002/solr.202300654
network_acronym_str Manara2
network_name_str Manara2
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/26508304
publishDate 2023
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rights_invalid_str_mv CC BY 4.0
spelling Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image AnalysisLeonardo Micheli (17509800)Greg P. Smestad (17509806)Muhammad Zahid Khan (9533008)Katja Lange (3450476)Huda M. I. Almughary (19342546)Mounir Abraim (19342549)Yanal Alamat (19342552)Cody B. Anderson (19342555)Said Bentouba (19342558)Benjamin Figgis (18427935)Pavan Fuke (19342561)Ahmed Amine Hachicha (19342564)Mounia Karim (19342567)Anil Kottantharayil (1854736)Alfredo A. Martinez-Morales (2452978)Ahmed Alami Merrouni (19342570)Douglas Olivares (19342573)Giovanni Picotti (19342576)Jorge Rabanal-Arabach (19342579)Florian Wiesinger (7470617)Klemens Ilse (19342582)EngineeringEnvironmental engineeringMathematical sciencesApplied mathematicsImage AnalysisSolar EnergySoiling MonitoringParticle CountingThresholding MethodsMicrograph AnalysisSurface Coverage<p dir="ltr">The use of image analysis has often been suggested as a practical way to monitor the soiling accumulated on the surfaces of solar energy conversion devices. Indeed, the deposited soiling particles can be counted and characterized to calculate the area they cover, and this area can be converted into an energy loss. However, several particle counting methodologies exist and can lead to dissimilar results. This work focuses on the role of thresholding, an essential step where particles are distinguished from a background based on the pixel brightness. Sixteen automatic thresholding methods are assessed using 13 200 micrographs of glass coupons soiled at nine locations globally. In low‐to‐intermediate soiling conditions, the “Triangle” method is found to return the minimum coefficient of variation and a mean deviation closer to zero. On the other hand, methods assuming a bimodal distribution of pixel brightness underestimate the area coverage. In addition, since soiling can be unevenly distributed over a surface, different loss estimations can be returned when the same image analysis process is used on different spots on a sample's surface. For these reasons, image analysis should be repeated at multiple locations on each investigated surface.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Solar RRL<br>License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300654" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202300654</a></p>2023-08-17T15:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1002/solr.202300654https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Soiling_in_Solar_Energy_Systems_The_Role_of_the_Thresholding_Method_in_Image_Analysis/26508304CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/265083042023-08-17T15:00:00Z
spellingShingle Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis
Leonardo Micheli (17509800)
Engineering
Environmental engineering
Mathematical sciences
Applied mathematics
Image Analysis
Solar Energy
Soiling Monitoring
Particle Counting
Thresholding Methods
Micrograph Analysis
Surface Coverage
status_str publishedVersion
title Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis
title_full Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis
title_fullStr Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis
title_full_unstemmed Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis
title_short Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis
title_sort Soiling in Solar Energy Systems: The Role of the Thresholding Method in Image Analysis
topic Engineering
Environmental engineering
Mathematical sciences
Applied mathematics
Image Analysis
Solar Energy
Soiling Monitoring
Particle Counting
Thresholding Methods
Micrograph Analysis
Surface Coverage