AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists

<p dir="ltr">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing public health challenge, underscoring the need for scalable, non-invasive tools to grade hepatic steatosis. Although B-mode ultrasound is accessible and safe, its reliability is limited by operator and scanner variab...

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محفوظ في:
التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي: Fahad Muflih Alshagathrh (18427950) (author)
مؤلفون آخرون: Haider Dhia Zubaydi (18519360) (author), Mahmood Alzubaidi (15740693) (author), Abdulaziz Alosaimi (11475559) (author), Raneem Mohammed Al Saqer (23073700) (author), Abdullah Mutlaq Alzahrani (23073703) (author), Mei Khalid Alfaqiri (23073706) (author), Mohamed Rajab Elzahrani (23073709) (author), Khalid Alswat (13047418) (author), Ali Aldhebaib (23073712) (author), Bushra Alahmadi (23073715) (author), Meteb Alkubeyyer (23073718) (author), Amani Alsadoon (23073721) (author), Maram Alkhamash (23073724) (author), Jawad Ahmad Alraimi (23073727) (author), Jens Schneider (16885948) (author), Mowafa Househ (9154124) (author)
منشور في: 2025
الموضوعات:
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author Fahad Muflih Alshagathrh (18427950)
author2 Haider Dhia Zubaydi (18519360)
Mahmood Alzubaidi (15740693)
Abdulaziz Alosaimi (11475559)
Raneem Mohammed Al Saqer (23073700)
Abdullah Mutlaq Alzahrani (23073703)
Mei Khalid Alfaqiri (23073706)
Mohamed Rajab Elzahrani (23073709)
Khalid Alswat (13047418)
Ali Aldhebaib (23073712)
Bushra Alahmadi (23073715)
Meteb Alkubeyyer (23073718)
Amani Alsadoon (23073721)
Maram Alkhamash (23073724)
Jawad Ahmad Alraimi (23073727)
Jens Schneider (16885948)
Mowafa Househ (9154124)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author_facet Fahad Muflih Alshagathrh (18427950)
Haider Dhia Zubaydi (18519360)
Mahmood Alzubaidi (15740693)
Abdulaziz Alosaimi (11475559)
Raneem Mohammed Al Saqer (23073700)
Abdullah Mutlaq Alzahrani (23073703)
Mei Khalid Alfaqiri (23073706)
Mohamed Rajab Elzahrani (23073709)
Khalid Alswat (13047418)
Ali Aldhebaib (23073712)
Bushra Alahmadi (23073715)
Meteb Alkubeyyer (23073718)
Amani Alsadoon (23073721)
Maram Alkhamash (23073724)
Jawad Ahmad Alraimi (23073727)
Jens Schneider (16885948)
Mowafa Househ (9154124)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Fahad Muflih Alshagathrh (18427950)
Haider Dhia Zubaydi (18519360)
Mahmood Alzubaidi (15740693)
Abdulaziz Alosaimi (11475559)
Raneem Mohammed Al Saqer (23073700)
Abdullah Mutlaq Alzahrani (23073703)
Mei Khalid Alfaqiri (23073706)
Mohamed Rajab Elzahrani (23073709)
Khalid Alswat (13047418)
Ali Aldhebaib (23073712)
Bushra Alahmadi (23073715)
Meteb Alkubeyyer (23073718)
Amani Alsadoon (23073721)
Maram Alkhamash (23073724)
Jawad Ahmad Alraimi (23073727)
Jens Schneider (16885948)
Mowafa Househ (9154124)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-10-21T12:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1109/access.2025.3617778
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/AI-Based_Multiclass_Grading_of_Hepatic_Steatosis_From_B-Mode_Ultrasound_Generalization_Across_Modalities_and_Clinical_Comparison_With_Radiologists/31169242
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Biomedical and clinical sciences
Clinical sciences
Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Health sciences
Health services and systems
Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence
deep learning
ultrasound imaging
hepatic steatosis
multiclass classification
domain adaptation
diagnostic accuracy
inter-rater reliability
biopsy ground truth
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Training
Adaptation models
Accuracy
Urban areas
Liver diseases
Deep learning
Benchmark testing
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing public health challenge, underscoring the need for scalable, non-invasive tools to grade hepatic steatosis. Although B-mode ultrasound is accessible and safe, its reliability is limited by operator and scanner variability. We present the Deep Domain Adaptation Neural Network (DDANN), a deep learning system for multiclass steatosis classification (Normal, Mild, Moderate, Severe) from ultrasound that emphasizes cross-device generalizability. To mitigate distribution shifts across scanners (LOGIQ, iU22, EPIQ), DDANN combines a MobileNetV2 backbone with triplet loss, entropy-based domain adaptation, and preprocessing that includes speckle suppression, percentile normalization, and LOGIQ-specific harmonization. Trained on a biopsy-confirmed, multi-institutional cohort (primarily LOGIQ and iU22), the model was externally validated on an unseen EPIQ test set of 1,083 images from 47 patients, achieving 98.71% accuracy, 0.9872 macro <i>F</i><sub><em>1</em></sub> -score, and 0.9998 AUC-ROC, outperforming baselines. In a separate radiologist–AI comparison on 224 biopsy-confirmed images not used for training or validation, the AI reached 91.96% accuracy, significantly exceeding radiologists’ 19.64%–31.70% (McNemar’s test, <i>p</i><0.001 ), with strong agreement to ground truth (<i>κ</i>=0.893) versus radiologists’ poor-to-slight agreement (<i>κ</i>=0.006 –0.194). The AI maintained balanced class-wise <i>F</i><sub><em>1</em></sub> -scores (0.90–0.94), while radiologists struggled, particularly with Mild and Moderate cases, and exhibited substantial inter-reader variability (<i>κ</i>=0.068 –0.648). These results demonstrate robust cross-device performance and support integrating AI as a reliable second reader or primary screening tool to reduce subjectivity in steatosis assessment.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Access<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617778" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617778</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara2_93f4ec7bb421afe2754d39356a4fe9ed
identifier_str_mv 10.1109/access.2025.3617778
network_acronym_str Manara2
network_name_str Manara2
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/31169242
publishDate 2025
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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rights_invalid_str_mv CC BY 4.0
spelling AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With RadiologistsFahad Muflih Alshagathrh (18427950)Haider Dhia Zubaydi (18519360)Mahmood Alzubaidi (15740693)Abdulaziz Alosaimi (11475559)Raneem Mohammed Al Saqer (23073700)Abdullah Mutlaq Alzahrani (23073703)Mei Khalid Alfaqiri (23073706)Mohamed Rajab Elzahrani (23073709)Khalid Alswat (13047418)Ali Aldhebaib (23073712)Bushra Alahmadi (23073715)Meteb Alkubeyyer (23073718)Amani Alsadoon (23073721)Maram Alkhamash (23073724)Jawad Ahmad Alraimi (23073727)Jens Schneider (16885948)Mowafa Househ (9154124)Biomedical and clinical sciencesClinical sciencesEngineeringBiomedical engineeringHealth sciencesHealth services and systemsInformation and computing sciencesArtificial intelligenceArtificial intelligencedeep learningultrasound imaginghepatic steatosismulticlass classificationdomain adaptationdiagnostic accuracyinter-rater reliabilitybiopsy ground truthnon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)TrainingAdaptation modelsAccuracyUrban areasLiver diseasesDeep learningBenchmark testing<p dir="ltr">Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a growing public health challenge, underscoring the need for scalable, non-invasive tools to grade hepatic steatosis. Although B-mode ultrasound is accessible and safe, its reliability is limited by operator and scanner variability. We present the Deep Domain Adaptation Neural Network (DDANN), a deep learning system for multiclass steatosis classification (Normal, Mild, Moderate, Severe) from ultrasound that emphasizes cross-device generalizability. To mitigate distribution shifts across scanners (LOGIQ, iU22, EPIQ), DDANN combines a MobileNetV2 backbone with triplet loss, entropy-based domain adaptation, and preprocessing that includes speckle suppression, percentile normalization, and LOGIQ-specific harmonization. Trained on a biopsy-confirmed, multi-institutional cohort (primarily LOGIQ and iU22), the model was externally validated on an unseen EPIQ test set of 1,083 images from 47 patients, achieving 98.71% accuracy, 0.9872 macro <i>F</i><sub><em>1</em></sub> -score, and 0.9998 AUC-ROC, outperforming baselines. In a separate radiologist–AI comparison on 224 biopsy-confirmed images not used for training or validation, the AI reached 91.96% accuracy, significantly exceeding radiologists’ 19.64%–31.70% (McNemar’s test, <i>p</i><0.001 ), with strong agreement to ground truth (<i>κ</i>=0.893) versus radiologists’ poor-to-slight agreement (<i>κ</i>=0.006 –0.194). The AI maintained balanced class-wise <i>F</i><sub><em>1</em></sub> -scores (0.90–0.94), while radiologists struggled, particularly with Mild and Moderate cases, and exhibited substantial inter-reader variability (<i>κ</i>=0.068 –0.648). These results demonstrate robust cross-device performance and support integrating AI as a reliable second reader or primary screening tool to reduce subjectivity in steatosis assessment.</p><h2 dir="ltr">Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: IEEE Access<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617778" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3617778</a></p>2025-10-21T12:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1109/access.2025.3617778https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/AI-Based_Multiclass_Grading_of_Hepatic_Steatosis_From_B-Mode_Ultrasound_Generalization_Across_Modalities_and_Clinical_Comparison_With_Radiologists/31169242CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/311692422025-10-21T12:00:00Z
spellingShingle AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists
Fahad Muflih Alshagathrh (18427950)
Biomedical and clinical sciences
Clinical sciences
Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Health sciences
Health services and systems
Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence
deep learning
ultrasound imaging
hepatic steatosis
multiclass classification
domain adaptation
diagnostic accuracy
inter-rater reliability
biopsy ground truth
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Training
Adaptation models
Accuracy
Urban areas
Liver diseases
Deep learning
Benchmark testing
status_str publishedVersion
title AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists
title_full AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists
title_fullStr AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists
title_full_unstemmed AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists
title_short AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists
title_sort AI-Based Multiclass Grading of Hepatic Steatosis From B-Mode Ultrasound: Generalization Across Modalities and Clinical Comparison With Radiologists
topic Biomedical and clinical sciences
Clinical sciences
Engineering
Biomedical engineering
Health sciences
Health services and systems
Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence
deep learning
ultrasound imaging
hepatic steatosis
multiclass classification
domain adaptation
diagnostic accuracy
inter-rater reliability
biopsy ground truth
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Training
Adaptation models
Accuracy
Urban areas
Liver diseases
Deep learning
Benchmark testing