3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement

<p dir="ltr">This study investigates the impact of varying steel fiber (SF) content (0%, 0.8%, 1.0%, and 1.2% by volume) on the mechanical and durability properties of 3D-printed Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-activated geopolymer concrete (GPC). The addition of 1.2% SF improved flex...

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محفوظ في:
التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي: Youssef Mortada (16810656) (author)
مؤلفون آخرون: Ahmad Hammoud (7440155) (author), Laith Masoud (22391701) (author), Mateusz Wyrzykowski (5274109) (author), Davide Sirtoli (22391704) (author), Pietro Lura (6861332) (author), Bilal Mansoor (2541628) (author), Eyad Masad (14153484) (author)
منشور في: 2025
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_version_ 1864513537960837120
author Youssef Mortada (16810656)
author2 Ahmad Hammoud (7440155)
Laith Masoud (22391701)
Mateusz Wyrzykowski (5274109)
Davide Sirtoli (22391704)
Pietro Lura (6861332)
Bilal Mansoor (2541628)
Eyad Masad (14153484)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author_facet Youssef Mortada (16810656)
Ahmad Hammoud (7440155)
Laith Masoud (22391701)
Mateusz Wyrzykowski (5274109)
Davide Sirtoli (22391704)
Pietro Lura (6861332)
Bilal Mansoor (2541628)
Eyad Masad (14153484)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Youssef Mortada (16810656)
Ahmad Hammoud (7440155)
Laith Masoud (22391701)
Mateusz Wyrzykowski (5274109)
Davide Sirtoli (22391704)
Pietro Lura (6861332)
Bilal Mansoor (2541628)
Eyad Masad (14153484)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-02-20T09:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1617/s11527-025-02600-5
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/3D_Printable_Ca_OH_sub_2_sub_-based_geopolymer_concrete_with_steel_fiber_reinforcement/30305755
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Engineering
Civil engineering
Materials engineering
3D printing
Geopolymer concrete
Steel fiber
Durability Waste material
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">This study investigates the impact of varying steel fiber (SF) content (0%, 0.8%, 1.0%, and 1.2% by volume) on the mechanical and durability properties of 3D-printed Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-activated geopolymer concrete (GPC). The addition of 1.2% SF improved flexural strength by 69% at 7 days and 16% at 28 days, while tensile strength more than doubled to 3.75 MPa at 28 days. Although compressive strength remained unaffected at 43 MPa, SF enhanced interlayer bond strength by 20%, which is crucial for layer cohesion in 3D-printed structures. Additionally, the elastic modulus increased by 7%, contributing to improved stiffness. Durability assessments, including autogenous shrinkage and self-induced stress, indicated a slight reduction in shrinkage of SF-reinforced samples, with no significant effect on self-induced stress. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) demonstrated the crack-bridging behavior of steel fibers, enhancing ductility and fracture resistance. There was a slight increase in porosity (5.34%) of SF-reinforced samples without negatively affecting their mechanical properties. Notably, SF improved early-age toughness and controlled crack propagation across printed layers, addressing a critical challenge in 3D-printed concrete. The novelty of this work lies in successfully reinforcing 3D-printed Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-activated GPC with recycled steel fibers, enhancing mechanical properties, interlayer bonding, and durability without compromising printability. This study offers a sustainable reinforcement strategy for 3D printing in construction.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Materials and Structures<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02600-5" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02600-5</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara2_963944df5f803cfcd9275cffe223a3c7
identifier_str_mv 10.1617/s11527-025-02600-5
network_acronym_str Manara2
network_name_str Manara2
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/30305755
publishDate 2025
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
repository.name.fl_str_mv
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rights_invalid_str_mv CC BY 4.0
spelling 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcementYoussef Mortada (16810656)Ahmad Hammoud (7440155)Laith Masoud (22391701)Mateusz Wyrzykowski (5274109)Davide Sirtoli (22391704)Pietro Lura (6861332)Bilal Mansoor (2541628)Eyad Masad (14153484)EngineeringCivil engineeringMaterials engineering3D printingGeopolymer concreteSteel fiberDurability Waste material<p dir="ltr">This study investigates the impact of varying steel fiber (SF) content (0%, 0.8%, 1.0%, and 1.2% by volume) on the mechanical and durability properties of 3D-printed Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-activated geopolymer concrete (GPC). The addition of 1.2% SF improved flexural strength by 69% at 7 days and 16% at 28 days, while tensile strength more than doubled to 3.75 MPa at 28 days. Although compressive strength remained unaffected at 43 MPa, SF enhanced interlayer bond strength by 20%, which is crucial for layer cohesion in 3D-printed structures. Additionally, the elastic modulus increased by 7%, contributing to improved stiffness. Durability assessments, including autogenous shrinkage and self-induced stress, indicated a slight reduction in shrinkage of SF-reinforced samples, with no significant effect on self-induced stress. Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) demonstrated the crack-bridging behavior of steel fibers, enhancing ductility and fracture resistance. There was a slight increase in porosity (5.34%) of SF-reinforced samples without negatively affecting their mechanical properties. Notably, SF improved early-age toughness and controlled crack propagation across printed layers, addressing a critical challenge in 3D-printed concrete. The novelty of this work lies in successfully reinforcing 3D-printed Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-activated GPC with recycled steel fibers, enhancing mechanical properties, interlayer bonding, and durability without compromising printability. This study offers a sustainable reinforcement strategy for 3D printing in construction.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Materials and Structures<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02600-5" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-025-02600-5</a></p>2025-02-20T09:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1617/s11527-025-02600-5https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/3D_Printable_Ca_OH_sub_2_sub_-based_geopolymer_concrete_with_steel_fiber_reinforcement/30305755CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/303057552025-02-20T09:00:00Z
spellingShingle 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement
Youssef Mortada (16810656)
Engineering
Civil engineering
Materials engineering
3D printing
Geopolymer concrete
Steel fiber
Durability Waste material
status_str publishedVersion
title 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement
title_full 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement
title_fullStr 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement
title_full_unstemmed 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement
title_short 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement
title_sort 3D Printable Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>-based geopolymer concrete with steel fiber reinforcement
topic Engineering
Civil engineering
Materials engineering
3D printing
Geopolymer concrete
Steel fiber
Durability Waste material