Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering
<p dir="ltr">The use of alternative fuels is a primary means for decarbonising the maritime industry. Liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquid hydrogen (LH2), and liquid ammonia (LNH3) are liquified gases among the alternative fuels. The safety risks associated with these fuels differ fro...
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2024
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| _version_ | 1864513545009364992 |
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| author | Hongjun Fan (1388040) |
| author2 | Xiangyang Xu (104185) Nagi Abdussamie (18835801) Peggy Shu-Ling Chen (21393887) Andrew Harris (2258287) |
| author2_role | author author author author |
| author_facet | Hongjun Fan (1388040) Xiangyang Xu (104185) Nagi Abdussamie (18835801) Peggy Shu-Ling Chen (21393887) Andrew Harris (2258287) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Hongjun Fan (1388040) Xiangyang Xu (104185) Nagi Abdussamie (18835801) Peggy Shu-Ling Chen (21393887) Andrew Harris (2258287) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2024-04-09T03:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.039 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Comparative_study_of_LNG_liquid_hydrogen_and_liquid_ammonia_post-release_evaporation_and_dispersion_during_bunkering/29117015 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Engineering Chemical engineering Environmental engineering Maritime engineering Environmental sciences Environmental management Alternative ship fuels LNG Liquid hydrogen Liquid ammonia Bunkering Safety |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p dir="ltr">The use of alternative fuels is a primary means for decarbonising the maritime industry. Liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquid hydrogen (LH2), and liquid ammonia (LNH3) are liquified gases among the alternative fuels. The safety risks associated with these fuels differ from traditional fuels. In addition to their low-temperature hazards, the flammability of LNG and LH2 and the high toxicity of LNH3 present challenges in fuel handlings due to their high likelihood of fuel release during bunkering. This study aims at drawing extensive comparisons of the evaporation and vapour dispersion behaviours for the three fuels after release accidents during bunkering and discuss their safety issues. The study involved the release event of the three fuels on the main deck area of a reference bulk carrier with a deadweight of 208,000 tonnes. Two release scenarios were considered: Scenario 1 involved a release of 0.3 m<sup>3</sup> of fuel, and Scenario 2 involved a release of 100 kg of fuel. An empirical equation was used to calculate the fuel evaporation process, and the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) code FDS was employed to simulate the dispersion of vapour clouds. The obtained results reveal that LH2 has the highest evaporation rate, followed by LNG and LNH3. The vapour clouds of LNG and LNH3 spread along the main deck surface, while the LH2 vapour cloud exhibits upward dispersion. The flammable vapour clouds of LNG and LH2 remain within the main deck area, whereas the toxic gas cloud of LNH3 disperses towards the shore and spreads near the ground on the shore side. Based on the dispersion behaviours, the hazards of LNG and LH2 are comparable, while LNH3 poses significantly higher hazards. In terms of hazard mitigations, effective water curtain systems can suppress the vapour dispersion.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy<br>License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.039" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.039</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_ae5dbc8a10ea587acf86f05a8e089cd9 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.039 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/29117015 |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkeringHongjun Fan (1388040)Xiangyang Xu (104185)Nagi Abdussamie (18835801)Peggy Shu-Ling Chen (21393887)Andrew Harris (2258287)EngineeringChemical engineeringEnvironmental engineeringMaritime engineeringEnvironmental sciencesEnvironmental managementAlternative ship fuelsLNGLiquid hydrogenLiquid ammoniaBunkeringSafety<p dir="ltr">The use of alternative fuels is a primary means for decarbonising the maritime industry. Liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquid hydrogen (LH2), and liquid ammonia (LNH3) are liquified gases among the alternative fuels. The safety risks associated with these fuels differ from traditional fuels. In addition to their low-temperature hazards, the flammability of LNG and LH2 and the high toxicity of LNH3 present challenges in fuel handlings due to their high likelihood of fuel release during bunkering. This study aims at drawing extensive comparisons of the evaporation and vapour dispersion behaviours for the three fuels after release accidents during bunkering and discuss their safety issues. The study involved the release event of the three fuels on the main deck area of a reference bulk carrier with a deadweight of 208,000 tonnes. Two release scenarios were considered: Scenario 1 involved a release of 0.3 m<sup>3</sup> of fuel, and Scenario 2 involved a release of 100 kg of fuel. An empirical equation was used to calculate the fuel evaporation process, and the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) code FDS was employed to simulate the dispersion of vapour clouds. The obtained results reveal that LH2 has the highest evaporation rate, followed by LNG and LNH3. The vapour clouds of LNG and LNH3 spread along the main deck surface, while the LH2 vapour cloud exhibits upward dispersion. The flammable vapour clouds of LNG and LH2 remain within the main deck area, whereas the toxic gas cloud of LNH3 disperses towards the shore and spreads near the ground on the shore side. Based on the dispersion behaviours, the hazards of LNG and LH2 are comparable, while LNH3 poses significantly higher hazards. In terms of hazard mitigations, effective water curtain systems can suppress the vapour dispersion.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: International Journal of Hydrogen Energy<br>License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.039" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.039</a></p>2024-04-09T03:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.04.039https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Comparative_study_of_LNG_liquid_hydrogen_and_liquid_ammonia_post-release_evaporation_and_dispersion_during_bunkering/29117015CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/291170152024-04-09T03:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering Hongjun Fan (1388040) Engineering Chemical engineering Environmental engineering Maritime engineering Environmental sciences Environmental management Alternative ship fuels LNG Liquid hydrogen Liquid ammonia Bunkering Safety |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering |
| title_full | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering |
| title_fullStr | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering |
| title_short | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering |
| title_sort | Comparative study of LNG, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia post-release evaporation and dispersion during bunkering |
| topic | Engineering Chemical engineering Environmental engineering Maritime engineering Environmental sciences Environmental management Alternative ship fuels LNG Liquid hydrogen Liquid ammonia Bunkering Safety |