Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic

<p dir="ltr">Hate speech detection in Arabic poses a complex challenge due to the dialectal diversity across the Arab world. Most existing hate speech datasets for Arabic cover only one dialect or one hate speech category. They also lack balance across dialects, topics, and hate/non-...

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Main Author: Anis Charfi (18697357) (author)
Other Authors: Mabrouka Besghaier (18697360) (author), Raghda Akasheh (18697363) (author), Andria Atalla (18697366) (author), Wajdi Zaghouani (5297402) (author)
Published: 2024
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author Anis Charfi (18697357)
author2 Mabrouka Besghaier (18697360)
Raghda Akasheh (18697363)
Andria Atalla (18697366)
Wajdi Zaghouani (5297402)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author_facet Anis Charfi (18697357)
Mabrouka Besghaier (18697360)
Raghda Akasheh (18697363)
Andria Atalla (18697366)
Wajdi Zaghouani (5297402)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Anis Charfi (18697357)
Mabrouka Besghaier (18697360)
Raghda Akasheh (18697363)
Andria Atalla (18697366)
Wajdi Zaghouani (5297402)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2024-05-30T09:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.3389/frai.2024.1391472
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Hate_speech_detection_with_ADHAR_a_multi-dialectal_hate_speech_corpus_in_Arabic/26355037
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Machine learning
Language, communication and culture
Linguistics
natural language processing
hate speech
Arabic language
dialectal Arabic
dataset annotation
Arabic corpora
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Text
Journal contribution
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
text
contribution to journal
description <p dir="ltr">Hate speech detection in Arabic poses a complex challenge due to the dialectal diversity across the Arab world. Most existing hate speech datasets for Arabic cover only one dialect or one hate speech category. They also lack balance across dialects, topics, and hate/non-hate classes. In this paper, we address this gap by presenting ADHAR—a comprehensive multi-dialect, multi-category hate speech corpus for Arabic. ADHAR contains 70,369 words and spans four language variants: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Egyptian, Levantine, Gulf and Maghrebi. It covers four key hate speech categories: nationality, religion, ethnicity, and race. A major contribution is that ADHAR is carefully curated to maintain balance across dialects, categories, and hate/non-hate classes to enable unbiased dataset evaluation. We describe the systematic data collection methodology, followed by a rigorous annotation process involving multiple annotators per dialect. Extensive qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrate the quality and usefulness of ADHAR. Our experiments with various classical and deep learning models demonstrate that our dataset enables the development of robust hate speech classifiers for Arabic, achieving accuracy and F1-scores of up to 90% for hate speech detection and up to 92% for category detection. When trained with Arabert, we achieved an accuracy and F1-score of 94% for hate speech detection, as well as 95% for the category detection.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1391472" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1391472</a></p><p dir="ltr">Additional institutions affiliated with: Information Systems Department - CMU-Q</p>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara2_aea39f0e111a108fb48aaca8671a1403
identifier_str_mv 10.3389/frai.2024.1391472
network_acronym_str Manara2
network_name_str Manara2
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/26355037
publishDate 2024
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
repository.name.fl_str_mv
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rights_invalid_str_mv CC BY 4.0
spelling Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in ArabicAnis Charfi (18697357)Mabrouka Besghaier (18697360)Raghda Akasheh (18697363)Andria Atalla (18697366)Wajdi Zaghouani (5297402)Information and computing sciencesArtificial intelligenceMachine learningLanguage, communication and cultureLinguisticsnatural language processinghate speechArabic languagedialectal Arabicdataset annotationArabic corpora<p dir="ltr">Hate speech detection in Arabic poses a complex challenge due to the dialectal diversity across the Arab world. Most existing hate speech datasets for Arabic cover only one dialect or one hate speech category. They also lack balance across dialects, topics, and hate/non-hate classes. In this paper, we address this gap by presenting ADHAR—a comprehensive multi-dialect, multi-category hate speech corpus for Arabic. ADHAR contains 70,369 words and spans four language variants: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Egyptian, Levantine, Gulf and Maghrebi. It covers four key hate speech categories: nationality, religion, ethnicity, and race. A major contribution is that ADHAR is carefully curated to maintain balance across dialects, categories, and hate/non-hate classes to enable unbiased dataset evaluation. We describe the systematic data collection methodology, followed by a rigorous annotation process involving multiple annotators per dialect. Extensive qualitative and quantitative analyses demonstrate the quality and usefulness of ADHAR. Our experiments with various classical and deep learning models demonstrate that our dataset enables the development of robust hate speech classifiers for Arabic, achieving accuracy and F1-scores of up to 90% for hate speech detection and up to 92% for category detection. When trained with Arabert, we achieved an accuracy and F1-score of 94% for hate speech detection, as well as 95% for the category detection.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1391472" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frai.2024.1391472</a></p><p dir="ltr">Additional institutions affiliated with: Information Systems Department - CMU-Q</p>2024-05-30T09:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.3389/frai.2024.1391472https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Hate_speech_detection_with_ADHAR_a_multi-dialectal_hate_speech_corpus_in_Arabic/26355037CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/263550372024-05-30T09:00:00Z
spellingShingle Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic
Anis Charfi (18697357)
Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Machine learning
Language, communication and culture
Linguistics
natural language processing
hate speech
Arabic language
dialectal Arabic
dataset annotation
Arabic corpora
status_str publishedVersion
title Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic
title_full Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic
title_fullStr Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic
title_full_unstemmed Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic
title_short Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic
title_sort Hate speech detection with ADHAR: a multi-dialectal hate speech corpus in Arabic
topic Information and computing sciences
Artificial intelligence
Machine learning
Language, communication and culture
Linguistics
natural language processing
hate speech
Arabic language
dialectal Arabic
dataset annotation
Arabic corpora