COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes

<p dir="ltr">This study investigated the risk factors for COVID-19 and its impact on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with T2D underwent assessments with the NICE post-COVID questionnaire, DN4 questionnaire, vibration perception th...

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Main Author:	Georgios Ponirakis (803076) (author)
Other Authors:	Ibrahim Al-Janahi (14115354) (author), Einas Elgassim (13036443) (author), Aisha Al Obaidan (22457776) (author), Hoda Gad (6470522) (author), Ioannis N. Petropoulos (8748726) (author), Adnan Khan (696190) (author), Hadeel B. Zaghloul (19421291) (author), Hamda Ali (14115357) (author), Mashhood A. Siddique (19421292) (author), Fatima F. S. Mohamed (18602959) (author), Lina H. M. Ahmed (9571561) (author), Youssra Dakroury (9991407) (author), Abeer M. M. El Shewehy (22457779) (author), Shaikha N. Al-Thani (19421303) (author), Farheen Ahmed (12220484) (author), Rawan Hussein (19421304) (author), Salah Mahmoud (19421307) (author), Iuliia Salivon (19421315) (author), Moayad Homssi (14115375) (author), Nebras H. Hadid (19421309) (author), Ateeque Mohamed Ali (14683594) (author), Safah Khan (13192172) (author), Ziyad R. Mahfoud (6103547) (author), Mahmoud A. Zirie (19421317) (author), Gulfidan Bitirgen (3639196) (author), Yousuf Al-Ansari (14115389) (author), Mohammed I. Alhatou (22457782) (author), Stephen L. Atkin (6684368) (author), Rayaz A. Malik (7372649) (author)
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Biomedical and clinical sciences Medical biochemistry and metabolomics Nutrition and dietetics Health sciences Epidemiology COVID-19 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy Type 2 diabetes Corneal confocal microscopy Severe COVID-19 long-COVID Corneal nerve measures
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author	Georgios Ponirakis (803076)
author2	Ibrahim Al-Janahi (14115354) Einas Elgassim (13036443) Aisha Al Obaidan (22457776) Hoda Gad (6470522) Ioannis N. Petropoulos (8748726) Adnan Khan (696190) Hadeel B. Zaghloul (19421291) Hamda Ali (14115357) Mashhood A. Siddique (19421292) Fatima F. S. Mohamed (18602959) Lina H. M. Ahmed (9571561) Youssra Dakroury (9991407) Abeer M. M. El Shewehy (22457779) Shaikha N. Al-Thani (19421303) Farheen Ahmed (12220484) Rawan Hussein (19421304) Salah Mahmoud (19421307) Iuliia Salivon (19421315) Moayad Homssi (14115375) Nebras H. Hadid (19421309) Ateeque Mohamed Ali (14683594) Safah Khan (13192172) Ziyad R. Mahfoud (6103547) Mahmoud A. Zirie (19421317) Gulfidan Bitirgen (3639196) Yousuf Al-Ansari (14115389) Mohammed I. Alhatou (22457782) Stephen L. Atkin (6684368) Rayaz A. Malik (7372649)
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author
author_facet	Georgios Ponirakis (803076) Ibrahim Al-Janahi (14115354) Einas Elgassim (13036443) Aisha Al Obaidan (22457776) Hoda Gad (6470522) Ioannis N. Petropoulos (8748726) Adnan Khan (696190) Hadeel B. Zaghloul (19421291) Hamda Ali (14115357) Mashhood A. Siddique (19421292) Fatima F. S. Mohamed (18602959) Lina H. M. Ahmed (9571561) Youssra Dakroury (9991407) Abeer M. M. El Shewehy (22457779) Shaikha N. Al-Thani (19421303) Farheen Ahmed (12220484) Rawan Hussein (19421304) Salah Mahmoud (19421307) Iuliia Salivon (19421315) Moayad Homssi (14115375) Nebras H. Hadid (19421309) Ateeque Mohamed Ali (14683594) Safah Khan (13192172) Ziyad R. Mahfoud (6103547) Mahmoud A. Zirie (19421317) Gulfidan Bitirgen (3639196) Yousuf Al-Ansari (14115389) Mohammed I. Alhatou (22457782) Stephen L. Atkin (6684368) Rayaz A. Malik (7372649)
author_role	author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Georgios Ponirakis (803076) Ibrahim Al-Janahi (14115354) Einas Elgassim (13036443) Aisha Al Obaidan (22457776) Hoda Gad (6470522) Ioannis N. Petropoulos (8748726) Adnan Khan (696190) Hadeel B. Zaghloul (19421291) Hamda Ali (14115357) Mashhood A. Siddique (19421292) Fatima F. S. Mohamed (18602959) Lina H. M. Ahmed (9571561) Youssra Dakroury (9991407) Abeer M. M. El Shewehy (22457779) Shaikha N. Al-Thani (19421303) Farheen Ahmed (12220484) Rawan Hussein (19421304) Salah Mahmoud (19421307) Iuliia Salivon (19421315) Moayad Homssi (14115375) Nebras H. Hadid (19421309) Ateeque Mohamed Ali (14683594) Safah Khan (13192172) Ziyad R. Mahfoud (6103547) Mahmoud A. Zirie (19421317) Gulfidan Bitirgen (3639196) Yousuf Al-Ansari (14115389) Mohammed I. Alhatou (22457782) Stephen L. Atkin (6684368) Rayaz A. Malik (7372649)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2025-04-01T00:00:00Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	10.1038/s41598-025-95133-4
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv	https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/COVID-19_and_neuropathy_in_type_2_diabetes/30393310
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Biomedical and clinical sciences Medical biochemistry and metabolomics Nutrition and dietetics Health sciences Epidemiology COVID-19 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy Type 2 diabetes Corneal confocal microscopy Severe COVID-19 long-COVID Corneal nerve measures
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal
description	<p dir="ltr">This study investigated the risk factors for COVID-19 and its impact on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with T2D underwent assessments with the NICE post-COVID questionnaire, DN4 questionnaire, vibration perception threshold (VPT), and corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) before and 11.0 ± 8.9 months after developing COVID-19. Of 76 participants with T2D, 35 (46.1%) developed COVID-19, of whom 8 (22.9%) developed severe COVID-19 and 9 (25.7%) developed long-COVID. The development of COVID-19 was associated with lower systolic blood pressure (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The presence and severity of DPN were not associated with developing COVID-19, severe COVID-19, or long-COVID (<i>P</i> = 0.42–0.94). Women were eight times more likely to develop long-COVID (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and elevated body weight, LDL, and VPT were associated with the development of long-COVID (<i>P</i> < 0.05 − 0.01). The long-COVID group exhibited significant changes in triglycerides and LDL (<i>P</i> < 0.05 for both) and body weight (<i>P</i> < 0.01) at follow-up. Their impact on clinical and neuropathy measures was comparable in patients with and without COVID-19 (<i>P</i> = 0.08–0.99). There was a significant reduction in corneal nerve measures (<i>P</i> < 0.05-0.0001) in patients with and without COVID-19. A low systolic blood pressure, altered lipids, body weight, higher VPT, and gender may determine the impact of COVID-19 in patients with T2D, but there was no evidence of an impact of COVID-19 on the development or progression of DPN.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Scientific Reports<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95133-4" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95133-4</a></p>
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
id	Manara2_b27a79b3d134f335edace47936b63c4f
identifier_str_mv	10.1038/s41598-025-95133-4
network_acronym_str	Manara2
network_name_str	Manara2
oai_identifier_str	oai:figshare.com:article/30393310
publishDate	2025
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rights_invalid_str_mv	CC BY 4.0
spelling	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetesGeorgios Ponirakis (803076)Ibrahim Al-Janahi (14115354)Einas Elgassim (13036443)Aisha Al Obaidan (22457776)Hoda Gad (6470522)Ioannis N. Petropoulos (8748726)Adnan Khan (696190)Hadeel B. Zaghloul (19421291)Hamda Ali (14115357)Mashhood A. Siddique (19421292)Fatima F. S. Mohamed (18602959)Lina H. M. Ahmed (9571561)Youssra Dakroury (9991407)Abeer M. M. El Shewehy (22457779)Shaikha N. Al-Thani (19421303)Farheen Ahmed (12220484)Rawan Hussein (19421304)Salah Mahmoud (19421307)Iuliia Salivon (19421315)Moayad Homssi (14115375)Nebras H. Hadid (19421309)Ateeque Mohamed Ali (14683594)Safah Khan (13192172)Ziyad R. Mahfoud (6103547)Mahmoud A. Zirie (19421317)Gulfidan Bitirgen (3639196)Yousuf Al-Ansari (14115389)Mohammed I. Alhatou (22457782)Stephen L. Atkin (6684368)Rayaz A. Malik (7372649)Biomedical and clinical sciencesMedical biochemistry and metabolomicsNutrition and dieteticsHealth sciencesEpidemiologyCOVID-19Diabetic peripheral neuropathyType 2 diabetesCorneal confocal microscopySevere COVID-19long-COVIDCorneal nerve measures<p dir="ltr">This study investigated the risk factors for COVID-19 and its impact on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Patients with T2D underwent assessments with the NICE post-COVID questionnaire, DN4 questionnaire, vibration perception threshold (VPT), and corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) before and 11.0 ± 8.9 months after developing COVID-19. Of 76 participants with T2D, 35 (46.1%) developed COVID-19, of whom 8 (22.9%) developed severe COVID-19 and 9 (25.7%) developed long-COVID. The development of COVID-19 was associated with lower systolic blood pressure (<i>P</i> < 0.05). The presence and severity of DPN were not associated with developing COVID-19, severe COVID-19, or long-COVID (<i>P</i> = 0.42–0.94). Women were eight times more likely to develop long-COVID (<i>P</i> < 0.05) and elevated body weight, LDL, and VPT were associated with the development of long-COVID (<i>P</i> < 0.05 − 0.01). The long-COVID group exhibited significant changes in triglycerides and LDL (<i>P</i> < 0.05 for both) and body weight (<i>P</i> < 0.01) at follow-up. Their impact on clinical and neuropathy measures was comparable in patients with and without COVID-19 (<i>P</i> = 0.08–0.99). There was a significant reduction in corneal nerve measures (<i>P</i> < 0.05-0.0001) in patients with and without COVID-19. A low systolic blood pressure, altered lipids, body weight, higher VPT, and gender may determine the impact of COVID-19 in patients with T2D, but there was no evidence of an impact of COVID-19 on the development or progression of DPN.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Scientific Reports<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95133-4" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95133-4</a></p>2025-04-01T00:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1038/s41598-025-95133-4https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/COVID-19_and_neuropathy_in_type_2_diabetes/30393310CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/303933102025-04-01T00:00:00Z
spellingShingle	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes Georgios Ponirakis (803076) Biomedical and clinical sciences Medical biochemistry and metabolomics Nutrition and dietetics Health sciences Epidemiology COVID-19 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy Type 2 diabetes Corneal confocal microscopy Severe COVID-19 long-COVID Corneal nerve measures
status_str	publishedVersion
title	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes
title_full	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes
title_fullStr	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes
title_full_unstemmed	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes
title_short	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes
title_sort	COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes
topic	Biomedical and clinical sciences Medical biochemistry and metabolomics Nutrition and dietetics Health sciences Epidemiology COVID-19 Diabetic peripheral neuropathy Type 2 diabetes Corneal confocal microscopy Severe COVID-19 long-COVID Corneal nerve measures

COVID-19 and neuropathy in type 2 diabetes

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