Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan
<p dir="ltr">Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium <i>Salmonella typhi</i>, is an often-fatal illness prevalent in Africa and South Asia. The illness has seen an alarming rise in multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) strains, particularly in Pakis...
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2023
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| _version_ | 1864513562372734976 |
|---|---|
| author | Omer A. Shaikh (16855107) |
| author2 | Zoha Asghar (16855110) Rameel M. Aftab (16855113) Shifa Amin (16855116) Gulrukh Shaikh (16855119) Abdulqadir J. Nashwan (11659453) |
| author2_role | author author author author author |
| author_facet | Omer A. Shaikh (16855107) Zoha Asghar (16855110) Rameel M. Aftab (16855113) Shifa Amin (16855116) Gulrukh Shaikh (16855119) Abdulqadir J. Nashwan (11659453) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Omer A. Shaikh (16855107) Zoha Asghar (16855110) Rameel M. Aftab (16855113) Shifa Amin (16855116) Gulrukh Shaikh (16855119) Abdulqadir J. Nashwan (11659453) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.003 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Antimicrobial_resistant_strains_of_Salmonella_typhi_The_role_of_illicit_antibiotics_sales_misuse_and_self-medication_practices_in_Pakistan/23994621 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Biomedical and clinical sciences Clinical sciences Health sciences Public health Typhoid Multi-drug resistant Antimicrobial Resistance Antibiotics Pakistan |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p dir="ltr">Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium <i>Salmonella typhi</i>, is an often-fatal illness prevalent in Africa and South Asia. The illness has seen an alarming rise in multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) strains, particularly in Pakistan. The MDR strain links to the H58 haplotype, and its XDR variant exhibits fluoroquinolone resistance due to an IncY plasmid. The increasing prevalence of these resistant strains is concerning, given the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issue. Causes include misuse of antibiotics in self-limiting infections and an unregulated drug market. Pakistan's Sindh province first reported the XDR typhoid strain, highlighting the urgent need to investigate the relationship between AMR development and external factors. This narrative review intends to scrutinize the state of AMR in Pakistan, considering illicit drug sales, healthcare worker education gaps, and self-medication behaviors.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Journal of Infection and Public Health<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.003" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.003</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_c8589aa45ad8144b4ce676404ddcb349 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.003 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/23994621 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in PakistanOmer A. Shaikh (16855107)Zoha Asghar (16855110)Rameel M. Aftab (16855113)Shifa Amin (16855116)Gulrukh Shaikh (16855119)Abdulqadir J. Nashwan (11659453)Biomedical and clinical sciencesClinical sciencesHealth sciencesPublic healthTyphoidMulti-drug resistantAntimicrobial ResistanceAntibioticsPakistan<p dir="ltr">Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium <i>Salmonella typhi</i>, is an often-fatal illness prevalent in Africa and South Asia. The illness has seen an alarming rise in multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) strains, particularly in Pakistan. The MDR strain links to the H58 haplotype, and its XDR variant exhibits fluoroquinolone resistance due to an IncY plasmid. The increasing prevalence of these resistant strains is concerning, given the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issue. Causes include misuse of antibiotics in self-limiting infections and an unregulated drug market. Pakistan's Sindh province first reported the XDR typhoid strain, highlighting the urgent need to investigate the relationship between AMR development and external factors. This narrative review intends to scrutinize the state of AMR in Pakistan, considering illicit drug sales, healthcare worker education gaps, and self-medication behaviors.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Journal of Infection and Public Health<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.003" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.003</a></p>2023-10-01T00:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.003https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Antimicrobial_resistant_strains_of_Salmonella_typhi_The_role_of_illicit_antibiotics_sales_misuse_and_self-medication_practices_in_Pakistan/23994621CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/239946212023-10-01T00:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan Omer A. Shaikh (16855107) Biomedical and clinical sciences Clinical sciences Health sciences Public health Typhoid Multi-drug resistant Antimicrobial Resistance Antibiotics Pakistan |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan |
| title_full | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan |
| title_fullStr | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan |
| title_short | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan |
| title_sort | Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan |
| topic | Biomedical and clinical sciences Clinical sciences Health sciences Public health Typhoid Multi-drug resistant Antimicrobial Resistance Antibiotics Pakistan |