Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems
<p>The transition to a decentralized, continuous, and patient-centric healthcare model necessitates the development of energy-autonomous medical systems that can operate independently of traditional power sources. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of self-powered healthcare technolog...
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2025
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| _version_ | 1864513539903848448 |
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| author | Riyamol Kallikkoden Razack (22254463) |
| author2 | Nihal M. Poovadichalil (22254466) Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni (8036039) |
| author2_role | author author |
| author_facet | Riyamol Kallikkoden Razack (22254463) Nihal M. Poovadichalil (22254466) Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni (8036039) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Riyamol Kallikkoden Razack (22254463) Nihal M. Poovadichalil (22254466) Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni (8036039) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-09-01T06:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111422 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Toward_autonomous_medicine_A_comprehensive_review_of_biomedical_energy_harvesting_and_wearable_sensing_systems/30135373 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Engineering Biomedical engineering Health sciences Health services and systems Self-powered healthcare Wearable medical devices Energy harvesting Smart materials Autonomous sensing Flexible electronics Implantable sensors |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p>The transition to a decentralized, continuous, and patient-centric healthcare model necessitates the development of energy-autonomous medical systems that can operate independently of traditional power sources. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of self-powered healthcare technologies that integrate biomedical energy harvesting (BEH) with autonomous sensing systems (ASS) to facilitate uninterrupted physiological monitoring and therapeutic interventions. Our research encompasses a diverse range of energy harvesting strategies, encompassing triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, biochemical, and electromagnetic principles, while emphasizing the human body's function as a versatile energy storage system. Recent advancements in polymeric materials, which provide crucial properties such as flexibility, stretchability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making them indispensable in the design of wearable and implantable devices. From piezoelectric polymers, such as PLLA, to triboelectric materials embedded in smart textiles, polymers serve as the structural and functional backbone of next-generation energy harvesters and sensors. Their tunable mechanical and electrical properties enable seamless integration with soft tissues, allowing for the fabrication of conformable, miniaturized, and eco-friendly systems. The review also investigates strategies involving nano-structuring, microfabrication, and three-dimensional/four-dimensional printing to create miniaturized, conformable device architectures, alongside artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML)-driven simulations that enhance material selection and overall system performance. Through in-depth system-level integration, case studies, and an analysis of regulatory and translational challenges, this work presents a visionary perspective on implementing sustainable, intelligent, and fully autonomous self-powered healthcare platforms in real-world medical settings.</p><h2>Other Information</h2> <p> Published in: Nano Energy<br> License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111422" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111422</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_f2d5addae65905ef85f03531201776d7 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111422 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/30135373 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systemsRiyamol Kallikkoden Razack (22254463)Nihal M. Poovadichalil (22254466)Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni (8036039)EngineeringBiomedical engineeringHealth sciencesHealth services and systemsSelf-powered healthcareWearable medical devicesEnergy harvestingSmart materialsAutonomous sensingFlexible electronicsImplantable sensors<p>The transition to a decentralized, continuous, and patient-centric healthcare model necessitates the development of energy-autonomous medical systems that can operate independently of traditional power sources. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of self-powered healthcare technologies that integrate biomedical energy harvesting (BEH) with autonomous sensing systems (ASS) to facilitate uninterrupted physiological monitoring and therapeutic interventions. Our research encompasses a diverse range of energy harvesting strategies, encompassing triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, biochemical, and electromagnetic principles, while emphasizing the human body's function as a versatile energy storage system. Recent advancements in polymeric materials, which provide crucial properties such as flexibility, stretchability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, making them indispensable in the design of wearable and implantable devices. From piezoelectric polymers, such as PLLA, to triboelectric materials embedded in smart textiles, polymers serve as the structural and functional backbone of next-generation energy harvesters and sensors. Their tunable mechanical and electrical properties enable seamless integration with soft tissues, allowing for the fabrication of conformable, miniaturized, and eco-friendly systems. The review also investigates strategies involving nano-structuring, microfabrication, and three-dimensional/four-dimensional printing to create miniaturized, conformable device architectures, alongside artificial intelligence (AI)/machine learning (ML)-driven simulations that enhance material selection and overall system performance. Through in-depth system-level integration, case studies, and an analysis of regulatory and translational challenges, this work presents a visionary perspective on implementing sustainable, intelligent, and fully autonomous self-powered healthcare platforms in real-world medical settings.</p><h2>Other Information</h2> <p> Published in: Nano Energy<br> License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111422" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111422</a></p>2025-09-01T06:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1016/j.nanoen.2025.111422https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Toward_autonomous_medicine_A_comprehensive_review_of_biomedical_energy_harvesting_and_wearable_sensing_systems/30135373CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/301353732025-09-01T06:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems Riyamol Kallikkoden Razack (22254463) Engineering Biomedical engineering Health sciences Health services and systems Self-powered healthcare Wearable medical devices Energy harvesting Smart materials Autonomous sensing Flexible electronics Implantable sensors |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems |
| title_full | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems |
| title_fullStr | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems |
| title_short | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems |
| title_sort | Toward autonomous medicine: A comprehensive review of biomedical energy harvesting and wearable sensing systems |
| topic | Engineering Biomedical engineering Health sciences Health services and systems Self-powered healthcare Wearable medical devices Energy harvesting Smart materials Autonomous sensing Flexible electronics Implantable sensors |