Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization
<p dir="ltr">Countries are under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as an act upon the Paris Agreement. The essential emission reductions can be achieved by environmentally friendly solutions, in particular, the introduction of low carbon or carbon-free fuels. Thi...
محفوظ في:
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| مؤلفون آخرون: | |
| منشور في: |
2021
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إضافة وسم
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| _version_ | 1864513521235001344 |
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| author | Mohammed Al-Breiki (14152476) |
| author2 | Yusuf Bicer (14158977) |
| author2_role | author |
| author_facet | Mohammed Al-Breiki (14152476) Yusuf Bicer (14158977) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Mohammed Al-Breiki (14152476) Yusuf Bicer (14158977) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2021-01-10T00:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123481 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Comparative_life_cycle_assessment_of_sustainable_energy_carriers_including_production_storage_overseas_transport_and_utilization/24270349 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Engineering Resources engineering and extractive metallurgy Environmental sciences Environmental management Liquefied natural gas Dimethyl-ether Methanol Liquid ammonia Liquid hydrogen Energy transport |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p dir="ltr">Countries are under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as an act upon the Paris Agreement. The essential emission reductions can be achieved by environmentally friendly solutions, in particular, the introduction of low carbon or carbon-free fuels. This study presents a comparative life cycle assessment of various energy carriers namely; liquefied natural gas, methanol, dimethyl ether, liquid hydrogen and liquid ammonia that are produced from natural gas or renewables to investigate greenhouse gas emissions generated from the complete life cycle of energy carriers accounting for the leaks as well as boil-off gas occurring during storage and transportation. The entire fuel life cycle is considered consisting of production, storage, transportation via an ocean tanker to different distances, and finally utilization in an internal combustion engine of a road vehicle. The results show that using natural gas as a feedstock, total greenhouse gas emissions during production, ocean transportation (over 20,000 nmi) by a heavy fuel oil-fueled ocean tanker, and utilization in an internal combustion engine are 73.96, 95.73, 93.76, 50.83, and 100.54 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup> for liquified natural gas, methanol, dimethyl ether, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia, respectively. Liquid hydrogen produced from solar electrolysis is the cleanest energy carrier (42.50 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup> fuel). Moreover, when liquid ammonia is produced via photovoltaic-based electrolysis (60.76 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. MJ<sup>−1 </sup>fuel), it becomes cleaner than liquified natural gas. Although producing methanol and dimethyl ether from biomass results in a large reduction in total greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional methanol and dimethyl ether production, with a value of 73.96 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. per MJ, liquified natural gas still represents a cleaner option than methanol and dimethyl ether considering the full life cycle.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Journal of Cleaner Production<br>License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123481" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123481</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_f4881bdab88703450730a6c83a63e331 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123481 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/24270349 |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilizationMohammed Al-Breiki (14152476)Yusuf Bicer (14158977)EngineeringResources engineering and extractive metallurgyEnvironmental sciencesEnvironmental managementLiquefied natural gasDimethyl-etherMethanolLiquid ammoniaLiquid hydrogenEnergy transport<p dir="ltr">Countries are under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as an act upon the Paris Agreement. The essential emission reductions can be achieved by environmentally friendly solutions, in particular, the introduction of low carbon or carbon-free fuels. This study presents a comparative life cycle assessment of various energy carriers namely; liquefied natural gas, methanol, dimethyl ether, liquid hydrogen and liquid ammonia that are produced from natural gas or renewables to investigate greenhouse gas emissions generated from the complete life cycle of energy carriers accounting for the leaks as well as boil-off gas occurring during storage and transportation. The entire fuel life cycle is considered consisting of production, storage, transportation via an ocean tanker to different distances, and finally utilization in an internal combustion engine of a road vehicle. The results show that using natural gas as a feedstock, total greenhouse gas emissions during production, ocean transportation (over 20,000 nmi) by a heavy fuel oil-fueled ocean tanker, and utilization in an internal combustion engine are 73.96, 95.73, 93.76, 50.83, and 100.54 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup> for liquified natural gas, methanol, dimethyl ether, liquid hydrogen, and liquid ammonia, respectively. Liquid hydrogen produced from solar electrolysis is the cleanest energy carrier (42.50 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. MJ<sup>−1</sup> fuel). Moreover, when liquid ammonia is produced via photovoltaic-based electrolysis (60.76 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. MJ<sup>−1 </sup>fuel), it becomes cleaner than liquified natural gas. Although producing methanol and dimethyl ether from biomass results in a large reduction in total greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional methanol and dimethyl ether production, with a value of 73.96 g CO<sub>2</sub> eq. per MJ, liquified natural gas still represents a cleaner option than methanol and dimethyl ether considering the full life cycle.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Journal of Cleaner Production<br>License: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123481" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123481</a></p>2021-01-10T00:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123481https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Comparative_life_cycle_assessment_of_sustainable_energy_carriers_including_production_storage_overseas_transport_and_utilization/24270349CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/242703492021-01-10T00:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization Mohammed Al-Breiki (14152476) Engineering Resources engineering and extractive metallurgy Environmental sciences Environmental management Liquefied natural gas Dimethyl-ether Methanol Liquid ammonia Liquid hydrogen Energy transport |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization |
| title_full | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization |
| title_fullStr | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization |
| title_short | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization |
| title_sort | Comparative life cycle assessment of sustainable energy carriers including production, storage, overseas transport and utilization |
| topic | Engineering Resources engineering and extractive metallurgy Environmental sciences Environmental management Liquefied natural gas Dimethyl-ether Methanol Liquid ammonia Liquid hydrogen Energy transport |