Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities
<p dir="ltr">The concept of smart city architecture requires a comprehensive solution that can combine real-time response applications for cyber-physical systems. However, the architecture faces challenges that can obstruct the operations in terms of systems, processes, and data flow...
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2023
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| _version_ | 1864513523913064448 |
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| author | Usman Khalil (7820876) |
| author2 | Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217) Ong Wee Hong (10115134) Mueen Uddin (4903510) |
| author2_role | author author author |
| author_facet | Usman Khalil (7820876) Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217) Ong Wee Hong (10115134) Mueen Uddin (4903510) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Usman Khalil (7820876) Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217) Ong Wee Hong (10115134) Mueen Uddin (4903510) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2023-11-13T03:00:00Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Leveraging_a_novel_NFT-enabled_blockchain_architecture_for_the_authentication_of_IoT_assets_in_smart_cities/30256750 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Engineering Control engineering, mechatronics and robotics Information and computing sciences Cybersecurity and privacy Information systems Smart City Architecture Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) Blockchain-Based Architecture Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) Fog Computing |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Text Journal contribution info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion text contribution to journal |
| description | <p dir="ltr">The concept of smart city architecture requires a comprehensive solution that can combine real-time response applications for cyber-physical systems. However, the architecture faces challenges that can obstruct the operations in terms of systems, processes, and data flow as far as the breach risk is concerned. Though the field has been researched with the existence of centralized and distributed architectures to support smart cities. Research gaps regarding security concerns, platform assistance, and resource management continue to persist. This research article presents a novel blockchain-based architecture that proposes expansion in the non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to cater to the expansion of IoT-enabled smart assets. It enables NFTs to employ fog computing for all users and smart devices connected to a fog node in a cyber-physical system. The proposed expansion suggested in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) for IoT assets representation in a cyber-physical system, provides devices and user identification and authentication functionality. The proposed NFT architecture has been designed to provide a smart city solution for cyber-physical systems that ensures robust security features (such as CIA) by introducing new attributes and functions for Owner, User, Fog, and IoT device/s authentication. The validation and rigor of the security services, efficiency, and latency have been achieved by deployments on private and public ledgers. The efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the suggested functions and components have been evaluated in terms of evaluation cost and time complexity which resulted in promising results, obtained and validated on a testnet. The evaluation cost for the devised mint component was approximately 81%, and devised approve()was approximately 23% more efficient than other solutions.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Scientific Reports<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1</a></p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara2_fcea0008056b730dd721b6ded8642819 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara2 |
| network_name_str | Manara2 |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/30256750 |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart citiesUsman Khalil (7820876)Owais Ahmed Malik (6052217)Ong Wee Hong (10115134)Mueen Uddin (4903510)EngineeringControl engineering, mechatronics and roboticsInformation and computing sciencesCybersecurity and privacyInformation systemsSmart City ArchitectureCyber-Physical Systems (CPS)Blockchain-Based ArchitectureNon-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)Fog Computing<p dir="ltr">The concept of smart city architecture requires a comprehensive solution that can combine real-time response applications for cyber-physical systems. However, the architecture faces challenges that can obstruct the operations in terms of systems, processes, and data flow as far as the breach risk is concerned. Though the field has been researched with the existence of centralized and distributed architectures to support smart cities. Research gaps regarding security concerns, platform assistance, and resource management continue to persist. This research article presents a novel blockchain-based architecture that proposes expansion in the non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to cater to the expansion of IoT-enabled smart assets. It enables NFTs to employ fog computing for all users and smart devices connected to a fog node in a cyber-physical system. The proposed expansion suggested in Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) for IoT assets representation in a cyber-physical system, provides devices and user identification and authentication functionality. The proposed NFT architecture has been designed to provide a smart city solution for cyber-physical systems that ensures robust security features (such as CIA) by introducing new attributes and functions for Owner, User, Fog, and IoT device/s authentication. The validation and rigor of the security services, efficiency, and latency have been achieved by deployments on private and public ledgers. The efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of the suggested functions and components have been evaluated in terms of evaluation cost and time complexity which resulted in promising results, obtained and validated on a testnet. The evaluation cost for the devised mint component was approximately 81%, and devised approve()was approximately 23% more efficient than other solutions.</p><h2>Other Information</h2><p dir="ltr">Published in: Scientific Reports<br>License: <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</a><br>See article on publisher's website: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1" target="_blank">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1</a></p>2023-11-13T03:00:00ZTextJournal contributioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontextcontribution to journal10.1038/s41598-023-45212-1https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Leveraging_a_novel_NFT-enabled_blockchain_architecture_for_the_authentication_of_IoT_assets_in_smart_cities/30256750CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/302567502023-11-13T03:00:00Z |
| spellingShingle | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities Usman Khalil (7820876) Engineering Control engineering, mechatronics and robotics Information and computing sciences Cybersecurity and privacy Information systems Smart City Architecture Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) Blockchain-Based Architecture Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) Fog Computing |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities |
| title_full | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities |
| title_fullStr | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities |
| title_full_unstemmed | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities |
| title_short | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities |
| title_sort | Leveraging a novel NFT-enabled blockchain architecture for the authentication of IoT assets in smart cities |
| topic | Engineering Control engineering, mechatronics and robotics Information and computing sciences Cybersecurity and privacy Information systems Smart City Architecture Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) Blockchain-Based Architecture Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) Fog Computing |