Retrospective cohort analysis study design.

<div><p>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an increasingly prevalent neurologic condition for which symptomatic, but not preventative, treatment is available. Drug repurposing is an innovate drug discovery method that uncovers existing therapeutics to treat or prevent conditions for which they...

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التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي: Maria P. Gorenflo (21395538) (author)
مؤلفون آخرون: Zhenxiang Gao (15596885) (author), Pamela B. Davis (11588570) (author), David Kaelber (11238188) (author), Rong Xu (296325) (author)
منشور في: 2025
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author Maria P. Gorenflo (21395538)
author2 Zhenxiang Gao (15596885)
Pamela B. Davis (11588570)
David Kaelber (11238188)
Rong Xu (296325)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author_facet Maria P. Gorenflo (21395538)
Zhenxiang Gao (15596885)
Pamela B. Davis (11588570)
David Kaelber (11238188)
Rong Xu (296325)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Maria P. Gorenflo (21395538)
Zhenxiang Gao (15596885)
Pamela B. Davis (11588570)
David Kaelber (11238188)
Rong Xu (296325)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-05-20T17:55:17Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0323761.g002
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Retrospective_cohort_analysis_study_design_/29113092
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Medicine
Cell Biology
Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Biotechnology
Cancer
Science Policy
Infectious Diseases
Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
uncovers existing therapeutics
select potential drugs
retrospective cohort analysis
parkinson &# 8217
observational findings suggest
biochemical processes implicated
artificial intelligence prediction
significantly reduced hazard
amphetamine targets many
98 ), 0
hazard ratio
93 ),
strongest candidate
previous work
prevent conditions
main diagnosis
inverse relationship
incurable diseases
drug repurposing
dopaminergic synapses
deidentified patients
currently indicated
confidence interval
clinical corroboration
amphetamine use
79 ).
6 years
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Retrospective cohort analysis study design.
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Image
Figure
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
image
description <div><p>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an increasingly prevalent neurologic condition for which symptomatic, but not preventative, treatment is available. Drug repurposing is an innovate drug discovery method that uncovers existing therapeutics to treat or prevent conditions for which they are not currently indicated, a method that could be applied to incurable diseases such as PD. A knowledge graph artificial intelligence prediction system was used to select potential drugs that could be used to treat or prevent PD, and amphetamine was identified as the strongest candidate. Retrospective cohort analysis on a large, electronic health record database of deidentified patients with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (the main diagnosis for which amphetamine is prescribed) revealed a significantly reduced hazard of developing PD in patients prescribed amphetamine versus patients not prescribed amphetamine at 2, 4, and 6 years: Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) = 0.59 (0.36, 0.98), 0.63 (0.42, 0.93), and 0.55 (0.38, 0.79). Pathway enrichment analysis confirmed that amphetamine targets many of the biochemical processes implicated in PD, such as dopaminergic synapses and neurodegeneration. Together, these observational findings suggest that therapeutic and legal amphetamine use may reduce the risk of developing PD, in contrast to previous work that found the inverse relationship in patients using amphetamine recreationally.</p></div>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara_02bb6cb22c162bdbdf06befc41c37cbf
identifier_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0323761.g002
network_acronym_str Manara
network_name_str ManaraRepo
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/29113092
publishDate 2025
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository_id_str
rights_invalid_str_mv CC BY 4.0
spelling Retrospective cohort analysis study design.Maria P. Gorenflo (21395538)Zhenxiang Gao (15596885)Pamela B. Davis (11588570)David Kaelber (11238188)Rong Xu (296325)MedicineCell BiologyNeurosciencePharmacologyBiotechnologyCancerScience PolicyInfectious DiseasesEnvironmental Sciences not elsewhere classifiedBiological Sciences not elsewhere classifieduncovers existing therapeuticsselect potential drugsretrospective cohort analysisparkinson &# 8217observational findings suggestbiochemical processes implicatedartificial intelligence predictionsignificantly reduced hazardamphetamine targets many98 ), 0hazard ratio93 ),strongest candidateprevious workprevent conditionsmain diagnosisinverse relationshipincurable diseasesdrug repurposingdopaminergic synapsesdeidentified patientscurrently indicatedconfidence intervalclinical corroborationamphetamine use79 ).6 years<div><p>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an increasingly prevalent neurologic condition for which symptomatic, but not preventative, treatment is available. Drug repurposing is an innovate drug discovery method that uncovers existing therapeutics to treat or prevent conditions for which they are not currently indicated, a method that could be applied to incurable diseases such as PD. A knowledge graph artificial intelligence prediction system was used to select potential drugs that could be used to treat or prevent PD, and amphetamine was identified as the strongest candidate. Retrospective cohort analysis on a large, electronic health record database of deidentified patients with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (the main diagnosis for which amphetamine is prescribed) revealed a significantly reduced hazard of developing PD in patients prescribed amphetamine versus patients not prescribed amphetamine at 2, 4, and 6 years: Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) = 0.59 (0.36, 0.98), 0.63 (0.42, 0.93), and 0.55 (0.38, 0.79). Pathway enrichment analysis confirmed that amphetamine targets many of the biochemical processes implicated in PD, such as dopaminergic synapses and neurodegeneration. Together, these observational findings suggest that therapeutic and legal amphetamine use may reduce the risk of developing PD, in contrast to previous work that found the inverse relationship in patients using amphetamine recreationally.</p></div>2025-05-20T17:55:17ZImageFigureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionimage10.1371/journal.pone.0323761.g002https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Retrospective_cohort_analysis_study_design_/29113092CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/291130922025-05-20T17:55:17Z
spellingShingle Retrospective cohort analysis study design.
Maria P. Gorenflo (21395538)
Medicine
Cell Biology
Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Biotechnology
Cancer
Science Policy
Infectious Diseases
Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
uncovers existing therapeutics
select potential drugs
retrospective cohort analysis
parkinson &# 8217
observational findings suggest
biochemical processes implicated
artificial intelligence prediction
significantly reduced hazard
amphetamine targets many
98 ), 0
hazard ratio
93 ),
strongest candidate
previous work
prevent conditions
main diagnosis
inverse relationship
incurable diseases
drug repurposing
dopaminergic synapses
deidentified patients
currently indicated
confidence interval
clinical corroboration
amphetamine use
79 ).
6 years
status_str publishedVersion
title Retrospective cohort analysis study design.
title_full Retrospective cohort analysis study design.
title_fullStr Retrospective cohort analysis study design.
title_full_unstemmed Retrospective cohort analysis study design.
title_short Retrospective cohort analysis study design.
title_sort Retrospective cohort analysis study design.
topic Medicine
Cell Biology
Neuroscience
Pharmacology
Biotechnology
Cancer
Science Policy
Infectious Diseases
Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
uncovers existing therapeutics
select potential drugs
retrospective cohort analysis
parkinson &# 8217
observational findings suggest
biochemical processes implicated
artificial intelligence prediction
significantly reduced hazard
amphetamine targets many
98 ), 0
hazard ratio
93 ),
strongest candidate
previous work
prevent conditions
main diagnosis
inverse relationship
incurable diseases
drug repurposing
dopaminergic synapses
deidentified patients
currently indicated
confidence interval
clinical corroboration
amphetamine use
79 ).
6 years