CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.

<div><p>Research has supported the use of virtual reality (VR) in sport to train skills such as decision-making and anticipation, as well as aid in injury rehabilitation. Despite this, VR is not commonly used as a training tool in sport. Barriers to its adoption include a lack of underst...

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Autor Principal: Jarad A. Lewellen (21213269) (author)
Outros autores: Cami A. Barnes (22683562) (author), Aidan Forget (22683565) (author), Jeanette M. Garcia (22683568) (author), D. Jake Follmer (6679418) (author), Guy Hornsby (22683571) (author), Hannah L. Silva-Breen (22683574) (author), Peter R. Giacobbi Jr. (22683577) (author)
Publicado: 2025
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author Jarad A. Lewellen (21213269)
author2 Cami A. Barnes (22683562)
Aidan Forget (22683565)
Jeanette M. Garcia (22683568)
D. Jake Follmer (6679418)
Guy Hornsby (22683571)
Hannah L. Silva-Breen (22683574)
Peter R. Giacobbi Jr. (22683577)
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author_facet Jarad A. Lewellen (21213269)
Cami A. Barnes (22683562)
Aidan Forget (22683565)
Jeanette M. Garcia (22683568)
D. Jake Follmer (6679418)
Guy Hornsby (22683571)
Hannah L. Silva-Breen (22683574)
Peter R. Giacobbi Jr. (22683577)
author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Jarad A. Lewellen (21213269)
Cami A. Barnes (22683562)
Aidan Forget (22683565)
Jeanette M. Garcia (22683568)
D. Jake Follmer (6679418)
Guy Hornsby (22683571)
Hannah L. Silva-Breen (22683574)
Peter R. Giacobbi Jr. (22683577)
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-11-25T18:36:12Z
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0337537.g002
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://figshare.com/articles/figure/CONSORT_flow_diagram_for_single-arm_trials_/30714505
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv CC BY 4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Biotechnology
Sociology
Science Policy
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
exit interviews provided
technology acceptance model
methods feasibility trial
feasibility among baseball
vreap among baseball
div >< p
virtual reality education
virtual reality
promote acceptance
acceptance protocol
vreap based
vreap ),
training tool
train skills
study ’
statistical analyses
softball players
show promise
perceived usefulness
participants (<
participant experiences
n </
multiple domains
low awareness
injury rehabilitation
includes stages
guiding framework
findings demonstrate
critical need
avrts ),
adoption include
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Image
Figure
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
image
description <div><p>Research has supported the use of virtual reality (VR) in sport to train skills such as decision-making and anticipation, as well as aid in injury rehabilitation. Despite this, VR is not commonly used as a training tool in sport. Barriers to its adoption include a lack of understanding, low awareness, risk of cybersickness, and cost. As such, there is a critical need to address these barriers and promote acceptance of VR in sport. The purpose of this single-arm, non-randomized, mixed-methods feasibility trial was to examine the feasibility of the Virtual Reality Education and Acceptance Protocol (VREAP), which was designed by the study’s authors to address barriers to VR adoption. While the VREAP is intended to be used in multiple domains, we assessed its feasibility among baseball and softball players. Specifically, we assessed pre- and post-training attitudes toward VR using the Attitudes toward Virtual Reality Technology Scale (AVRTS), which uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a guiding framework. Participants (<i>n</i> = 18) completed the VREAP, which includes stages of education, acclimation, and application. Exit interviews provided further insights into participant experiences. Results from quantitative and reflexive content analyses demonstrated feasibility of the VREAP based on recruitment and adherence, acceptability, demand, implementation, and practicality. Statistical analyses from the AVRTS revealed significant pre- to post-training increases in overall attitudes toward VR as well as increases in enjoyment, perceived usefulness, and ease of use. Minimal cybersickness was reported. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of the VREAP among baseball and softball players and show promise for its future research and application.</p></div>
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
id Manara_0dfafb2e84a50841471df3dc60240c6c
identifier_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0337537.g002
network_acronym_str Manara
network_name_str ManaraRepo
oai_identifier_str oai:figshare.com:article/30714505
publishDate 2025
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository_id_str
rights_invalid_str_mv CC BY 4.0
spelling CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.Jarad A. Lewellen (21213269)Cami A. Barnes (22683562)Aidan Forget (22683565)Jeanette M. Garcia (22683568)D. Jake Follmer (6679418)Guy Hornsby (22683571)Hannah L. Silva-Breen (22683574)Peter R. Giacobbi Jr. (22683577)BiotechnologySociologyScience PolicyBiological Sciences not elsewhere classifiedexit interviews providedtechnology acceptance modelmethods feasibility trialfeasibility among baseballvreap among baseballdiv >< pvirtual reality educationvirtual realitypromote acceptanceacceptance protocolvreap basedvreap ),training tooltrain skillsstudy ’statistical analysessoftball playersshow promiseperceived usefulnessparticipants (<participant experiencesn </multiple domainslow awarenessinjury rehabilitationincludes stagesguiding frameworkfindings demonstratecritical needavrts ),adoption include<div><p>Research has supported the use of virtual reality (VR) in sport to train skills such as decision-making and anticipation, as well as aid in injury rehabilitation. Despite this, VR is not commonly used as a training tool in sport. Barriers to its adoption include a lack of understanding, low awareness, risk of cybersickness, and cost. As such, there is a critical need to address these barriers and promote acceptance of VR in sport. The purpose of this single-arm, non-randomized, mixed-methods feasibility trial was to examine the feasibility of the Virtual Reality Education and Acceptance Protocol (VREAP), which was designed by the study’s authors to address barriers to VR adoption. While the VREAP is intended to be used in multiple domains, we assessed its feasibility among baseball and softball players. Specifically, we assessed pre- and post-training attitudes toward VR using the Attitudes toward Virtual Reality Technology Scale (AVRTS), which uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a guiding framework. Participants (<i>n</i> = 18) completed the VREAP, which includes stages of education, acclimation, and application. Exit interviews provided further insights into participant experiences. Results from quantitative and reflexive content analyses demonstrated feasibility of the VREAP based on recruitment and adherence, acceptability, demand, implementation, and practicality. Statistical analyses from the AVRTS revealed significant pre- to post-training increases in overall attitudes toward VR as well as increases in enjoyment, perceived usefulness, and ease of use. Minimal cybersickness was reported. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of the VREAP among baseball and softball players and show promise for its future research and application.</p></div>2025-11-25T18:36:12ZImageFigureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionimage10.1371/journal.pone.0337537.g002https://figshare.com/articles/figure/CONSORT_flow_diagram_for_single-arm_trials_/30714505CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/307145052025-11-25T18:36:12Z
spellingShingle CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.
Jarad A. Lewellen (21213269)
Biotechnology
Sociology
Science Policy
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
exit interviews provided
technology acceptance model
methods feasibility trial
feasibility among baseball
vreap among baseball
div >< p
virtual reality education
virtual reality
promote acceptance
acceptance protocol
vreap based
vreap ),
training tool
train skills
study ’
statistical analyses
softball players
show promise
perceived usefulness
participants (<
participant experiences
n </
multiple domains
low awareness
injury rehabilitation
includes stages
guiding framework
findings demonstrate
critical need
avrts ),
adoption include
status_str publishedVersion
title CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.
title_full CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.
title_fullStr CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.
title_full_unstemmed CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.
title_short CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.
title_sort CONSORT flow diagram for single-arm trials.
topic Biotechnology
Sociology
Science Policy
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
exit interviews provided
technology acceptance model
methods feasibility trial
feasibility among baseball
vreap among baseball
div >< p
virtual reality education
virtual reality
promote acceptance
acceptance protocol
vreap based
vreap ),
training tool
train skills
study ’
statistical analyses
softball players
show promise
perceived usefulness
participants (<
participant experiences
n </
multiple domains
low awareness
injury rehabilitation
includes stages
guiding framework
findings demonstrate
critical need
avrts ),
adoption include