Spatiotemporal distribution of leptospirosis in Thailand (2007–2022).

Spatiotemporal distribution of leptospirosis in Thailand (2007–2022).

<p><b>(a)</b> Regional trends in annual incidence rates per 100,000 population across Thailand’s five major regions, showing distinct temporal patterns. <b>(b)</b> Geographic distribution of median incidence rates by province, with darker orange indicating higher rates...

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Sonraí bibleagrafaíochta
Príomhchruthaitheoir:	Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965) (author)
Rannpháirtithe:	Sudarat Chadsuthi (3738406) (author), Charin Modchang (3738409) (author), Joacim Rocklöv (296647) (author)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe:	2025
Ábhair:	Ecology Science Policy Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified shapley additive explanation median incidence rate 878 &# 8211 861 &# 8211 2020 &# 8211 low risk based specific climatic variables model &# 8217 predicting leptospirosis risk model performance declined leptospirosis risk predictive performance integrating climatic testing periods targeted interventions study develops study demonstrates strongest predictors provincial level potential underreporting machine learning household size driving outbreaks complex mix complex interplay classify provinces agricultural features
Clibeanna:	Cuir clib leis Níl clibeanna ann, Bí ar an gcéad duine le clib a chur leis an taifead seo!

Míreanna comhchosúla

Variables/Features used to identify leptospirosis risk from XGBoost and their description.
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Temporal and spatial evaluation of XGBoost model predictions across Thai provinces (2007–2022).
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Model performance evaluation across pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods.
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

XGBoost model performance metrics and SHAP-based feature importance analysis.
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

SHAP analysis of the top 10 predictive features, ranked by mean absolute SHAP values.
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the curve (AUC) values comparing model discrimination ability across three periods: pre-pandemic (2018–2019), pandemic (2020–2021), and post-pandemic (2022).
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Temporal distribution of predicted high-risk provinces across pandemic periods.
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Hierarchically clustered correlation matrix of predictive features.
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Threshold sensitivity analysis of model performance on test data (2018–2019).
de réir: Pikkanet Suttirat (13567965)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Total cases per municipality for the period 2007–2023 (a), and average Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) of leptospirosis per municipality for the same period (b).
de réir: Juan David Gutiérrez (6511763)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Monthly time series of leptospirosis cases from 2007 to 2023 for the entire country. The blue lines indicate the months with the highest number of cases, which occurred in October 2007 (a), July 2009 (b), November 2010 (c), and October 2011 (d).
de réir: Juan David Gutiérrez (6511763)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Model goodness of fit results for models of ELISA-positive leptospirosis cases per week reported in Fiji from 2007 to 2017.
de réir: Eleanor M. Rees (12867759)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2023)

Model posterior estimates for models of ELISA-positive leptospirosis cases per week reported in Fiji from 2007 to 2017 by division.
de réir: Eleanor M. Rees (12867759)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2023)

Parameter estimates for explanatory variables for models of ELISA-positive leptospirosis cases per week reported in Fiji from 2007 to 2017 for all divisions (black) and separately by division.
de réir: Eleanor M. Rees (12867759)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2023)

Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) with the hypothesized causal relationships between the episodes of El Niño and La Niña (exposure variable) and the excess cases of leptospirosis (outcome variable).
de réir: Juan David Gutiérrez (6511763)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Robustness tests to evaluate the estimate of the effect on excess leptospirosis cases for the three scenarios analyzed. Statistical significance is shown in parentheses (p-value); a p-value < 0.05 indicates the presence of remaining bias in the estimate; p-values < 0.05 are shown in bold.
de réir: Juan David Gutiérrez (6511763)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Episodes of the ENSO cycle according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Tokyo Climate Center (TCC), the Meteorological Office of the Australian Government (MOAG), and the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies of Colombia (IDEAM), between 2007 and 2023.
de réir: Juan David Gutiérrez (6511763)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Flow chart of participants in leptospirosis serological survey.
de réir: Paul Le Turnier (7829654)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Environmental risk factors for leptospirosis.
de réir: Mwanajaa Abdalla Mwachui (797083)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2015)

Leptospirosis in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil: 2007-2014
de réir: Jackeline Monsalve Lara (6545234)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2019)

Atmospheric and oceanic indices included as potential confounders.
de réir: Juan David Gutiérrez (6511763)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) on temperature in sea surface temperature in El Niño region 1-2 (SST12), for the three scenarios analyzed in the study: (a) Neutral vs. La Niña, (b) Neutral vs. El Niño, (c) El Niño vs. La Niña.
de réir: Juan David Gutiérrez (6511763)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Average Treatment Effect (ATE) for the different scenarios analyzed.
de réir: Juan David Gutiérrez (6511763)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2025)

Annual and seasonal spatiotemporal patterns of leptospirosis incidence in Sichuan, China.
de réir: Karina Cucchi (8190801)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2019)

Sampling and Enrollment Diagram for the Leptospirosis Serosurvey in USVI, March 2019.
de réir: Aileen Artus (14124087)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2022)

Environmental and Behavioural Determinants of Leptospirosis Transmission: A Systematic Review
de réir: Mwanajaa Abdalla Mwachui (797083)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2015)

Demographic and Travel Characteristics of Leptospirosis Serosurvey Participants in USVI by Serology Result, March 2019.
de réir: Aileen Artus (14124087)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2022)

Distribution of collected samples and seropositive results by census block in the USVI leptospirosis serosurvey, March 2019.
de réir: Aileen Artus (14124087)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2022)

Predictive risk mapping of an environmentally-driven infectious disease using spatial Bayesian networks: A case study of leptospirosis in Fiji
de réir: Helen J. Mayfield (5847995)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2018)

Leptospirosis extended data files
de réir: Sandeep Moola (8914589)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2021)

Household and Individual Exposures and Risk Factors of Leptospirosis Serosurvey Participants in USVI by Serology Result, March 2019.
de réir: Aileen Artus (14124087)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2022)

Logistic regression analysis of rodent-related and environmental risk factors for severe leptospirosis and scoring system.
de réir: Federico Costa (569693)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2021)

Predictive risk mapping of an environmentally-driven infectious disease using spatial Bayesian networks: A case study of leptospirosis in Fiji - Fig 8
de réir: Helen J. Mayfield (5847995)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2018)

Predictive risk mapping of an environmentally-driven infectious disease using spatial Bayesian networks: A case study of leptospirosis in Fiji - Fig 7
de réir: Helen J. Mayfield (5847995)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2018)

Predictive risk mapping of an environmentally-driven infectious disease using spatial Bayesian networks: A case study of leptospirosis in Fiji - Fig 6
de réir: Helen J. Mayfield (5847995)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2018)

Predictive risk mapping of an environmentally-driven infectious disease using spatial Bayesian networks: A case study of leptospirosis in Fiji - Fig 5
de réir: Helen J. Mayfield (5847995)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2018)

Rodent-related and environmental risk factors for severe leptospirosis among 95 case and 184 control households in Salvador, Brazil.
de réir: Federico Costa (569693)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2021)

Summary of the advantages and disadvantages of fitting a climate-driven statistical model to weekly and monthly surveillance data.
de réir: Eleanor M. Rees (12867759)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2023)

Definition of precipitation indicators defined and adapted from the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices [38].
de réir: Eleanor M. Rees (12867759)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2023)

Fig 1 -
de réir: Eleanor M. Rees (12867759)
Foilsithe / Cruthaithe: (2023)