KF Process.
<div><p>As a sport widely played around the world, the fairness and enjoyment of table tennis competitions have received increasing attention. Traditional table tennis referees rely on manual judgment, which has problems such as strong subjectivity and high misjudgment rate. Therefore, t...
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| المؤلف الرئيسي: | |
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| مؤلفون آخرون: | |
| منشور في: |
2025
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| _version_ | 1852021996122013696 |
|---|---|
| author | Xiaoke Li (1427257) |
| author2 | Lili Guo (303857) |
| author2_role | author |
| author_facet | Xiaoke Li (1427257) Lili Guo (303857) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Xiaoke Li (1427257) Lili Guo (303857) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-03-19T17:31:41Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0319558.g004 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/figure/KF_Process_/28626354 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Space Science Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified Information Systems not elsewhere classified table tennis events table tennis competitions received increasing attention providing new ideas processes missing images motion object detection kalman filtering algorithm high misjudgment rate high detection accuracy electronic referee systems electronic referee scoring complete video images category data set background subtraction method average loss value average detection time average detection accuracy 9 &# 8201 test results showed motion estimation model simulation test xlink "> vertical directions study combines strong subjectivity model achieved maximum error maximum difference manual judgment dimensional coordinates 1 ). |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | KF Process. |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Image Figure info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion image |
| description | <div><p>As a sport widely played around the world, the fairness and enjoyment of table tennis competitions have received increasing attention. Traditional table tennis referees rely on manual judgment, which has problems such as strong subjectivity and high misjudgment rate. Therefore, this study combines the background subtraction method and the Kalman filtering algorithm. It processes missing images in videos to propose a motion object detection and motion estimation model for table tennis events. The test results showed that the average loss value of the model was only 0.33, the average detection accuracy in the 20-category data set was 0.94, and the average detection time was 103.9 ms. In the simulation test, the model achieved the best trajectory prediction accuracy in both complete video images and partially missing information video images. The maximum difference in horizontal and vertical directions was 10.7 and 4.3 pixels, respectively, and the maximum error in three-dimensional coordinates was (3.3, 2.8, 2.1). The table tennis target detection and motion estimation model has high detection accuracy and stability, providing new ideas and methods for the development of electronic referee systems in table tennis competitions.</p></div> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara_3edf3dff74ae8b7310af2daebd336d5a |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0319558.g004 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara |
| network_name_str | ManaraRepo |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/28626354 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | KF Process.Xiaoke Li (1427257)Lili Guo (303857)Space ScienceBiological Sciences not elsewhere classifiedMathematical Sciences not elsewhere classifiedInformation Systems not elsewhere classifiedtable tennis eventstable tennis competitionsreceived increasing attentionproviding new ideasprocesses missing imagesmotion object detectionkalman filtering algorithmhigh misjudgment ratehigh detection accuracyelectronic referee systemselectronic referee scoringcomplete video imagescategory data setbackground subtraction methodaverage loss valueaverage detection timeaverage detection accuracy9 &# 8201test results showedmotion estimation modelsimulation testxlink ">vertical directionsstudy combinesstrong subjectivitymodel achievedmaximum errormaximum differencemanual judgmentdimensional coordinates1 ).<div><p>As a sport widely played around the world, the fairness and enjoyment of table tennis competitions have received increasing attention. Traditional table tennis referees rely on manual judgment, which has problems such as strong subjectivity and high misjudgment rate. Therefore, this study combines the background subtraction method and the Kalman filtering algorithm. It processes missing images in videos to propose a motion object detection and motion estimation model for table tennis events. The test results showed that the average loss value of the model was only 0.33, the average detection accuracy in the 20-category data set was 0.94, and the average detection time was 103.9 ms. In the simulation test, the model achieved the best trajectory prediction accuracy in both complete video images and partially missing information video images. The maximum difference in horizontal and vertical directions was 10.7 and 4.3 pixels, respectively, and the maximum error in three-dimensional coordinates was (3.3, 2.8, 2.1). The table tennis target detection and motion estimation model has high detection accuracy and stability, providing new ideas and methods for the development of electronic referee systems in table tennis competitions.</p></div>2025-03-19T17:31:41ZImageFigureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionimage10.1371/journal.pone.0319558.g004https://figshare.com/articles/figure/KF_Process_/28626354CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/286263542025-03-19T17:31:41Z |
| spellingShingle | KF Process. Xiaoke Li (1427257) Space Science Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified Information Systems not elsewhere classified table tennis events table tennis competitions received increasing attention providing new ideas processes missing images motion object detection kalman filtering algorithm high misjudgment rate high detection accuracy electronic referee systems electronic referee scoring complete video images category data set background subtraction method average loss value average detection time average detection accuracy 9 &# 8201 test results showed motion estimation model simulation test xlink "> vertical directions study combines strong subjectivity model achieved maximum error maximum difference manual judgment dimensional coordinates 1 ). |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | KF Process. |
| title_full | KF Process. |
| title_fullStr | KF Process. |
| title_full_unstemmed | KF Process. |
| title_short | KF Process. |
| title_sort | KF Process. |
| topic | Space Science Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified Information Systems not elsewhere classified table tennis events table tennis competitions received increasing attention providing new ideas processes missing images motion object detection kalman filtering algorithm high misjudgment rate high detection accuracy electronic referee systems electronic referee scoring complete video images category data set background subtraction method average loss value average detection time average detection accuracy 9 &# 8201 test results showed motion estimation model simulation test xlink "> vertical directions study combines strong subjectivity model achieved maximum error maximum difference manual judgment dimensional coordinates 1 ). |