More examples of DR DVCs generated from healthy fundus images (leftmost column) using the plain model gradients (second column), robust model gradients (third column) and cone projected gradients (rightmost column).

More examples of DR DVCs generated from healthy fundus images (leftmost column) using the plain model gradients (second column), robust model gradients (third column) and cone projected gradients (rightmost column).

<p>In all examples, plain models either show no or fewer and weaker lesions compared to robust and cone projection models.</p> <p>(TIF)</p>

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Indu Ilanchezian (21369996) (author)
Other Authors:	Valentyn Boreiko (21369999) (author), Laura Kühlewein (18718849) (author), Ziwei Huang (192096) (author), Murat Seçkin Ayhan (21370002) (author), Matthias Hein (3861562) (author), Lisa Koch (3299613) (author), Philipp Berens (391695) (author)
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Medicine Cell Biology Biotechnology Space Science Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Information Systems not elsewhere classified retinal imaging based optical coherence tomography imaging based specialties answer counterfactual queries adversarially robust classifiers combining diffusion models retinal image structure resolution medical images create counterfactual images unconditional diffusion model subject &# 8217 method generated counterfactuals meaningful counterfactuals even generated counterfactuals diffusion model meaningful counterfactuals fundus image clinically meaningful ai model real images train ordinary related features patient education necessary disease illustrating answers expert study disease lesions disease categories diabetic retinopathy clinical settings classify healthy classifier guidance chance probability ai algorithm
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