Average fitness and standard deviation of each algorithm across the seven engineering design problems. <i>Ave</i> indicates average fitness, <i>Std</i> indicates standard deviation.

Average fitness and standard deviation of each algorithm across the seven engineering design problems. <i>Ave</i> indicates average fitness, <i>Std</i> indicates standard deviation.

<p>Average fitness and standard deviation of each algorithm across the seven engineering design problems. <i>Ave</i> indicates average fitness, <i>Std</i> indicates standard deviation.</p>

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Junhao Wei (6816803) (author)
Other Authors: Yanzhao Gu (21192659) (author), Zhanxi Xie (22177279) (author), Yuzheng Yan (22177282) (author), Baili Lu (21192662) (author), Zikun Li (2460040) (author), Ngai Cheong (21192665) (author), Jiafeng Zhang (233021) (author), Song Zhang (180477) (author)
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Space Science
Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified
Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified
Information Systems not elsewhere classified
outstanding metaheuristic algorithms
low population diversity
escape local optima
algorithm &# 8217
slow convergence rate
low convergence accuracy
improving convergence speed
spiral shape parameters
experimental results show
excellent woa variants
premature convergence
results demonstrate
experimental section
spiral flight
enhanced spiral
wide range
various dimensions
quality baseline
performs excellently
optimal solution
multiple strategies
levy flight
later stages
innovative strategies
dynamically adjusting
different stages
different dimensions
canonical woa
benchmark functions
application scenarios
accurately updating
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Summary:<p>Average fitness and standard deviation of each algorithm across the seven engineering design problems. <i>Ave</i> indicates average fitness, <i>Std</i> indicates standard deviation.</p>

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