The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model.
<div><p>Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) is a high-performance display technology. Its performance and lifespan are extremely sensitive to the operating temperature. The existing temperature control methods, such as the traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, ar...
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2025
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| _version_ | 1852018295027269632 |
|---|---|
| author | Dayu Zhang (710629) |
| author2 | Cong Guan (2133640) |
| author2_role | author |
| author_facet | Dayu Zhang (710629) Cong Guan (2133640) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Dayu Zhang (710629) Cong Guan (2133640) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-07-22T17:27:07Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0327851.g006 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/figure/The_pseudo-code_of_the_WOA-LSTM-PID_model_/29619843 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Biochemistry Molecular Biology Neuroscience Infectious Diseases Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified whale optimization algorithm integrating whale algorithm global optimization ability 78 &# 176 3 &# 176 23 &# 176 timing analysis ability combining experimental data 2 &# 176 performance display technology controller effectively addresses research results show 5 &# 176 precise temperature control significant performance improvement oled temperature control traditional pid controller improvement analysis experimental results temperature control research lies precision control 2 seconds traditional proportional traditional pid proposed controller pid controller operating temperature oled temperature varying characteristics thermodynamic model term memory strong universality state error significantly improve significant nonlinear long short extremely sensitive emitting diode also verifies 9 seconds 5 seconds |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model. |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Image Figure info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion image |
| description | <div><p>Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) is a high-performance display technology. Its performance and lifespan are extremely sensitive to the operating temperature. The existing temperature control methods, such as the traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, are difficult to meet the requirements of OLED for precise temperature control, especially in systems with significant nonlinear and time-varying characteristics. To solve this problem, the study proposes an improved PID controller based on the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) optimized by the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). This method combines the global optimization ability of WOA and the timing analysis ability of LSTM. By optimizing the parameters of the PID controller, the accuracy and adaptability of temperature control are improved. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified by constructing a thermodynamic model and combining experimental data. In the experimental results, compared with the traditional PID controller, the overshoot of the WOA-LSTM-PID controller was reduced from 8.5°C to 0.3°C, the steady-state error was reduced from 1.2°C to 0.2°C, the regulation time was shortened from 42.5 seconds to 20.2 seconds, and the response time was shortened from 70.5 seconds to 21.9 seconds. Furthermore, the root mean square error has been reduced from 5.23°C of the traditional PID to 0.78°C. The research results show that the WOA-LSTM-PID controller can significantly improve the accuracy and stability of OLED temperature control, while reducing the regulation time and response time. This controller effectively addresses the nonlinear and time-varying characteristics in OLED temperature control by optimizing the PID parameters. The innovation of the research lies in the combination of the WOA and the LSTM network. By optimizing the parameters of the PID controller, high-precision control of the OLED temperature has been achieved. This study not only proposes a new theoretical optimization method but also verifies its significant performance improvement in experiments. Furthermore, this method has strong universality and can be applied to other temperature-sensitive systems.</p></div> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara_7ea0eebea33fbb310d0f592da863d789 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0327851.g006 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara |
| network_name_str | ManaraRepo |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/29619843 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model.Dayu Zhang (710629)Cong Guan (2133640)BiochemistryMolecular BiologyNeuroscienceInfectious DiseasesBiological Sciences not elsewhere classifiedwhale optimization algorithmintegrating whale algorithmglobal optimization ability78 &# 1763 &# 17623 &# 176timing analysis abilitycombining experimental data2 &# 176performance display technologycontroller effectively addressesresearch results show5 &# 176precise temperature controlsignificant performance improvementoled temperature controltraditional pid controllerimprovement analysisexperimental resultstemperature controlresearch liesprecision control2 secondstraditional proportionaltraditional pidproposed controllerpid controlleroperating temperatureoled temperaturevarying characteristicsthermodynamic modelterm memorystrong universalitystate errorsignificantly improvesignificant nonlinearlong shortextremely sensitiveemitting diodealso verifies9 seconds5 seconds<div><p>Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) is a high-performance display technology. Its performance and lifespan are extremely sensitive to the operating temperature. The existing temperature control methods, such as the traditional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller, are difficult to meet the requirements of OLED for precise temperature control, especially in systems with significant nonlinear and time-varying characteristics. To solve this problem, the study proposes an improved PID controller based on the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) optimized by the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA). This method combines the global optimization ability of WOA and the timing analysis ability of LSTM. By optimizing the parameters of the PID controller, the accuracy and adaptability of temperature control are improved. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the proposed controller is verified by constructing a thermodynamic model and combining experimental data. In the experimental results, compared with the traditional PID controller, the overshoot of the WOA-LSTM-PID controller was reduced from 8.5°C to 0.3°C, the steady-state error was reduced from 1.2°C to 0.2°C, the regulation time was shortened from 42.5 seconds to 20.2 seconds, and the response time was shortened from 70.5 seconds to 21.9 seconds. Furthermore, the root mean square error has been reduced from 5.23°C of the traditional PID to 0.78°C. The research results show that the WOA-LSTM-PID controller can significantly improve the accuracy and stability of OLED temperature control, while reducing the regulation time and response time. This controller effectively addresses the nonlinear and time-varying characteristics in OLED temperature control by optimizing the PID parameters. The innovation of the research lies in the combination of the WOA and the LSTM network. By optimizing the parameters of the PID controller, high-precision control of the OLED temperature has been achieved. This study not only proposes a new theoretical optimization method but also verifies its significant performance improvement in experiments. Furthermore, this method has strong universality and can be applied to other temperature-sensitive systems.</p></div>2025-07-22T17:27:07ZImageFigureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionimage10.1371/journal.pone.0327851.g006https://figshare.com/articles/figure/The_pseudo-code_of_the_WOA-LSTM-PID_model_/29619843CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/296198432025-07-22T17:27:07Z |
| spellingShingle | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model. Dayu Zhang (710629) Biochemistry Molecular Biology Neuroscience Infectious Diseases Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified whale optimization algorithm integrating whale algorithm global optimization ability 78 &# 176 3 &# 176 23 &# 176 timing analysis ability combining experimental data 2 &# 176 performance display technology controller effectively addresses research results show 5 &# 176 precise temperature control significant performance improvement oled temperature control traditional pid controller improvement analysis experimental results temperature control research lies precision control 2 seconds traditional proportional traditional pid proposed controller pid controller operating temperature oled temperature varying characteristics thermodynamic model term memory strong universality state error significantly improve significant nonlinear long short extremely sensitive emitting diode also verifies 9 seconds 5 seconds |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model. |
| title_full | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model. |
| title_fullStr | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model. |
| title_full_unstemmed | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model. |
| title_short | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model. |
| title_sort | The pseudo-code of the WOA-LSTM-PID model. |
| topic | Biochemistry Molecular Biology Neuroscience Infectious Diseases Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified whale optimization algorithm integrating whale algorithm global optimization ability 78 &# 176 3 &# 176 23 &# 176 timing analysis ability combining experimental data 2 &# 176 performance display technology controller effectively addresses research results show 5 &# 176 precise temperature control significant performance improvement oled temperature control traditional pid controller improvement analysis experimental results temperature control research lies precision control 2 seconds traditional proportional traditional pid proposed controller pid controller operating temperature oled temperature varying characteristics thermodynamic model term memory strong universality state error significantly improve significant nonlinear long short extremely sensitive emitting diode also verifies 9 seconds 5 seconds |