Table 3_Prevalence and severity of neurologic symptoms in Long-COVID and the role of pre-existing conditions, hospitalization, and mental health.docx

Background<p>Long-COVID refers to ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms present 30 or more days after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This study examined the prevalence and severity of neurologic symptoms at greater than 1 month following acute SARS-CoV-2...

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Main Author: Hanalise V. Huff (21596513) (author)
Other Authors: Henry Roberts (718938) (author), Elizabeth Bartrum (21596516) (author), Gina Norato (6931193) (author), Nicholas Grayson (13182519) (author), Katherine Fleig (21596519) (author), Miciah J. Wilkerson (15281503) (author), Barbara J. Stussman (21596522) (author), Avindra Nath (29513) (author), Brian Walitt (392213) (author)
Published: 2025
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Summary:Background<p>Long-COVID refers to ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms present 30 or more days after Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This study examined the prevalence and severity of neurologic symptoms at greater than 1 month following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and the influence of pre-existing neurologic and psychiatric conditions, current depression and anxiety status, and hospitalization on the presence and severity of these symptoms.</p>Methods<p>This prospective cohort study recruited primarily self-referred Long-COVID participants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Online questionnaires inquiring about pre-existing conditions, neurologic symptoms and their severity pre, during and post COVID-19, and current anxiety and depression screening were completed by 213 participants at a median time of 8 months after infection. Descriptive analyses and prevalence modeling were performed.</p>Results<p>The most frequent neurologic symptoms post COVID-19 were fatigue, concentration/memory difficulties, unrefreshed sleep, and dysarthria/word finding difficulties (73.2–86.4%). Neurologic symptoms were highly prevalent with significantly greater odds post COVID-19 compared to pre for all symptoms and higher prevalence at time periods farther from infection, including those implicit in fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Several severe neurologic symptoms were significantly more prevalent post COVID-19. Moderate to severe anxiety (34%) and depression (27%) were observed post COVID-19. Preexisting neurologic or psychiatric conditions did not demonstrate any significant difference in neurologic symptom prevalence post COVID-19. Those who met criteria for moderate or severe anxiety post COVID-19 had a significant difference in prevalence of fatigue, sensitivity to touch and unrefreshed sleep. Similarly, fatigue, concentration/memory difficulty and unrefreshed sleep were more prevalent in moderate to severe depression. There were no significant differences in neurologic symptom prevalence in a hospitalized group when compared to non- hospitalized.</p>Conclusion<p>Long-COVID has a high burden of long lasting and severe neurological sequelae. These sequelae are independent of pre-existing self-reported neurologic and psychiatric conditions, as well as previous hospitalization. Current moderate to severe anxiety and depression status can impact fatigue, cognition, and sleep post COVID-19. Focus on the biological impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the nervous system will be essential in ameliorating the tremendous symptom burden left in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.</p>Clinical trial registration<p>http://clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT04573062.</p>