ADF Unit Root Test.
<div><p>Extant studies have predominantly focused on understanding the effects of inbound tourism on economic growth. At the same time, it ignores the key factors that promote outbound tourism in a country. Outbound tourism not only plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of...
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | , , , , , |
| Published: |
2025
|
| Subjects: | |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1852018021849104384 |
|---|---|
| author | Ahsan Akbar (12465492) |
| author2 | Farrukh Nawaz (17986582) Xie Hui (761950) Irfan Ullah (847820) Minhas Akbar (20620847) Veronika Zidova (21865391) Asokan Vasudevan (20620853) |
| author2_role | author author author author author author |
| author_facet | Ahsan Akbar (12465492) Farrukh Nawaz (17986582) Xie Hui (761950) Irfan Ullah (847820) Minhas Akbar (20620847) Veronika Zidova (21865391) Asokan Vasudevan (20620853) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Ahsan Akbar (12465492) Farrukh Nawaz (17986582) Xie Hui (761950) Irfan Ullah (847820) Minhas Akbar (20620847) Veronika Zidova (21865391) Asokan Vasudevan (20620853) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-07-31T17:44:14Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0328445.t002 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ADF_Unit_Root_Test_/29730950 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Ecology Sociology Developmental Biology Science Policy Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified promoting goodwill towards per capita income different geographical locations 1 unit increase also helps foster increase tourism outflow led economic growth individual hdi show china &# 8217 promote outbound tourism human development index economic growth human development outbound tourism hdi index also provides sustainable development tourism outflows inbound tourism working habits use data study aims predominantly focused positive impact policy prescriptions outlined regarding new evidence life expectancy key factors cultural similarities crucial role 25 %. |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | ADF Unit Root Test. |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Dataset info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion dataset |
| description | <div><p>Extant studies have predominantly focused on understanding the effects of inbound tourism on economic growth. At the same time, it ignores the key factors that promote outbound tourism in a country. Outbound tourism not only plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of the host country but also helps foster an understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences, promoting goodwill towards the home country. It also provides an opportunity to experience the cuisine, weather, and working habits of different geographical locations. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the Human Development Index and tourism outflows in the context of China. We use data from the period 1995–2020 to estimate the relationship between the Human Development Index (HDI) and tourism outflows. The short-run and long-run Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) results indicate that improving China’s Human Development Index (HDI) has a positive impact on tourism outflows. More precisely, a 1 unit increase in the HDI index will increase tourism outflow by 5.25%. Furthermore, the results of individual HDI show that life expectancy, per capita income, and education considerably promote China’s tourism outflows. Policy prescriptions are outlined regarding the spillover effects of China’s human development on the tourism-led economic growth of recipient countries.</p></div> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara_c88db1a3aeec804119ee577ee9ede9b6 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0328445.t002 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara |
| network_name_str | ManaraRepo |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/29730950 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | ADF Unit Root Test.Ahsan Akbar (12465492)Farrukh Nawaz (17986582)Xie Hui (761950)Irfan Ullah (847820)Minhas Akbar (20620847)Veronika Zidova (21865391)Asokan Vasudevan (20620853)EcologySociologyDevelopmental BiologyScience PolicyEnvironmental Sciences not elsewhere classifiedBiological Sciences not elsewhere classifiedpromoting goodwill towardsper capita incomedifferent geographical locations1 unit increasealso helps fosterincrease tourism outflowled economic growthindividual hdi showchina &# 8217promote outbound tourismhuman development indexeconomic growthhuman developmentoutbound tourismhdi indexalso providessustainable developmenttourism outflowsinbound tourismworking habitsuse datastudy aimspredominantly focusedpositive impactpolicy prescriptionsoutlined regardingnew evidencelife expectancykey factorscultural similaritiescrucial role25 %.<div><p>Extant studies have predominantly focused on understanding the effects of inbound tourism on economic growth. At the same time, it ignores the key factors that promote outbound tourism in a country. Outbound tourism not only plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of the host country but also helps foster an understanding of cross-cultural similarities and differences, promoting goodwill towards the home country. It also provides an opportunity to experience the cuisine, weather, and working habits of different geographical locations. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the Human Development Index and tourism outflows in the context of China. We use data from the period 1995–2020 to estimate the relationship between the Human Development Index (HDI) and tourism outflows. The short-run and long-run Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) results indicate that improving China’s Human Development Index (HDI) has a positive impact on tourism outflows. More precisely, a 1 unit increase in the HDI index will increase tourism outflow by 5.25%. Furthermore, the results of individual HDI show that life expectancy, per capita income, and education considerably promote China’s tourism outflows. Policy prescriptions are outlined regarding the spillover effects of China’s human development on the tourism-led economic growth of recipient countries.</p></div>2025-07-31T17:44:14ZDatasetinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiondataset10.1371/journal.pone.0328445.t002https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/ADF_Unit_Root_Test_/29730950CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/297309502025-07-31T17:44:14Z |
| spellingShingle | ADF Unit Root Test. Ahsan Akbar (12465492) Ecology Sociology Developmental Biology Science Policy Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified promoting goodwill towards per capita income different geographical locations 1 unit increase also helps foster increase tourism outflow led economic growth individual hdi show china &# 8217 promote outbound tourism human development index economic growth human development outbound tourism hdi index also provides sustainable development tourism outflows inbound tourism working habits use data study aims predominantly focused positive impact policy prescriptions outlined regarding new evidence life expectancy key factors cultural similarities crucial role 25 %. |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | ADF Unit Root Test. |
| title_full | ADF Unit Root Test. |
| title_fullStr | ADF Unit Root Test. |
| title_full_unstemmed | ADF Unit Root Test. |
| title_short | ADF Unit Root Test. |
| title_sort | ADF Unit Root Test. |
| topic | Ecology Sociology Developmental Biology Science Policy Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified promoting goodwill towards per capita income different geographical locations 1 unit increase also helps foster increase tourism outflow led economic growth individual hdi show china &# 8217 promote outbound tourism human development index economic growth human development outbound tourism hdi index also provides sustainable development tourism outflows inbound tourism working habits use data study aims predominantly focused positive impact policy prescriptions outlined regarding new evidence life expectancy key factors cultural similarities crucial role 25 %. |