Your PDF contains <b>multiple lecture PPTs</b> from the GIAN course on <i>Migration, Gender, Labour, and International Standards</i>. The content spans historical, sociological, legal, and policy-oriented dimensions of migration.
<b>GIVEN DETAILS – CLEAN & SIMPLE SUMMARY</b><p dir="ltr">Your PDF contains <b>multiple lecture PPTs</b> from the GIAN course on <i>Migration, Gender, Labour, and International Standards</i>. The content spans historical, sociological, legal, a...
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| Resumo: | <b>GIVEN DETAILS – CLEAN & SIMPLE SUMMARY</b><p dir="ltr">Your PDF contains <b>multiple lecture PPTs</b> from the GIAN course on <i>Migration, Gender, Labour, and International Standards</i>. The content spans historical, sociological, legal, and policy-oriented dimensions of migration.</p><p dir="ltr">Below is a <b>structured summary</b> of the <i>main sections</i> from the file.</p> <b>1. “Donkey Migration” – Illegal Migration from India</b><h3> Key Points</h3><ul><li>“Donkey route” = illegal, unsafe migration path used to reach USA, Canada, Europe.</li><li>Popular especially in <b>Punjab & Haryana</b>.</li><li>Migrants depend on <b>agents, middlemen, “donkers”</b>, and criminal networks.</li><li>Routes involve jungles, deserts, oceans (e.g., <b>Darien Gap</b>).</li></ul><h3> Why People Choose Donkey Migration</h3><ul><li>Low wages in India; high wage expectations.</li><li>Unemployment, poverty, corruption.</li><li>Strong aspiration for Western lifestyle.</li><li>Coaching centers, media glorification.</li><li>Agents create “dream selling”.</li></ul><h3> Consequences</h3><ul><li>Injury, death, exploitation, trafficking.</li><li>No support when caught abroad.</li><li>Loss of skilled youth from India.</li><li>Diplomatic strains with destination countries.</li></ul> <b>2. Migration of Nurses from Punjab</b><h3> Global Context</h3><ul><li>Worldwide nursing shortage.</li><li>India = 2nd largest supplier of migrant nurses to OECD.</li></ul><h3> Study Findings (303 nurses, Punjab)</h3><ul><li>66% had B.Sc Nursing.</li><li>Starting salary in private hospitals: <b>₹4,000–5,000 only</b>.</li><li>Majority aspire to migrate to <b>Australia, Canada, USA</b>.</li><li>77% cite “better income & lifestyle” as reasons.</li><li>Migration routes:</li><li><ul><li>Work permit (60%)</li><li>Study visa / spouse visa as alternative</li></ul></li><li>Agents charge <b>₹15–30 lakh</b>.</li></ul><h3> Key Insight</h3><p dir="ltr">Nursing migration from Punjab is becoming a <b>family strategy</b> supported by networks and agents.</p> <b>3. Gender & Migration – Feminist Perspectives</b><h3> Important Ideas</h3><ul><li>Migration is <b>gendered</b> — women face different risks and opportunities.</li><li>Women migrant workers mostly in <b>informal sector</b>: domestic work, manufacturing, services.</li><li>High vulnerability to:</li><li><ul><li>Sexual exploitation</li><li>Job loss</li><li>Lack of social security</li><li>Violence & harassment</li><li>No written contracts</li></ul></li></ul><h3> ILO Convention 189</h3><p dir="ltr">Protects <b>domestic workers</b>, including migrants:</p><ul><li>Safe working conditions</li><li>Written contracts</li><li>Social protection</li><li>Protection from violence</li><li>Access to complaint mechanisms</li></ul> <b>4. International Labour Standards (ILS) & Migration</b><h3> Key Conventions</h3><ul><li><b>Migration for Employment Convention (C97)</b></li><li><b>Migrant Workers Convention (C143)</b></li><li><b>Private Employment Agencies Convention (C181)</b></li><li><b>Domestic Workers Convention (C189)</b></li></ul><h3> Focus Areas</h3><ul><li>Equal treatment of migrant & national workers</li><li>Prevention of trafficking, forced labour</li><li>Social security protection</li><li>Regulation of private recruitment agencies</li></ul> <b>5. Labour Codes of India – Migration Elements</b><h3> Occupational Safety, Health & Working Conditions Code (OSH Code) 2020</h3><ul><li>Expands definition of <i>inter-state migrant worker</i>.</li><li>Provides:</li><li><ul><li>Toll-free helpline</li><li>Portals and data collection</li><li>Experience certificates</li><li>Safety and health surveys</li><li>Accommodation, crèche facilities</li></ul></li></ul><h3> Limitations</h3><ul><li>Not fully gender-sensitive</li><li>Implementation challenges</li><li>Need for stronger protection for women migrants</li></ul> <b>6. Historical Context – Slavery & Indentured Labour</b><h3> Slavery</h3><ul><li>Existed globally; reached peak in trans-Atlantic trade.</li><li>12.5 million Africans transported; 10.7 million survived.</li></ul><h3> Indentured Labour</h3><ul><li>After slavery ended, British transported <b>~2 million Indians</b> (1834–1917) to:</li><li><ul><li>Mauritius</li><li>Fiji</li><li>Trinidad & Tobago</li><li>South Africa</li><li>Sri Lanka, Malaysia</li></ul></li><li>Conditions harsh; contracts misleading; high deaths on voyages.</li></ul> <b>7. South Asian Migration – Colonial & Contemporary Trends</b><h3> Colonial Era</h3><ul><li>Labour migration: plantations, construction, military.</li><li>Brokers/agents existed similar to today.</li></ul><h3> Modern Era</h3><ul><li>Massive migration to GCC: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Oman.</li><li>South Asia has world’s largest diaspora (India: 17.7 million).</li><li>Push factors:</li><li><ul><li>Unemployment</li><li>Informal economy</li><li>Low wages</li></ul></li><li>Pull factors:</li><li><ul><li>Gulf labour demand</li><li>Western opportunities</li></ul></li></ul><p></p> |
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