Hierarchical data structure.
<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Antenatal care(ANC) is the gateway of the continuum of reproductive health care, offering a framework for complication prevention, screening, diagnosis, and health promotion.</p><p>Objective</p><p>This study examined trends,...
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2025
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| _version_ | 1849927643642724352 |
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| author | Worku Dechassa Heyi (22676316) |
| author2 | Wubegzier Mekonnen Ayele (22676319) Dessalegn Y. Melesse (10982959) |
| author2_role | author author |
| author_facet | Worku Dechassa Heyi (22676316) Wubegzier Mekonnen Ayele (22676319) Dessalegn Y. Melesse (10982959) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Worku Dechassa Heyi (22676316) Wubegzier Mekonnen Ayele (22676319) Dessalegn Y. Melesse (10982959) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-11-24T18:24:06Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0337241.s001 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Hierarchical_data_structure_/30696582 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Cell Biology Biotechnology Evolutionary Biology Developmental Biology Cancer Science Policy Infectious Diseases statistical significance set analyzed five rounds addis ababa showed addis ababa outperforming 63 &# 8211 54 &# 8211 49 &# 8211 28 &# 8211 12 &# 8211 reproductive health care 10 &# 8211 adjusted odds ratios antenatal care utilization study examined trends 37 &# 8211 2000 &# 8211 weekly media exposure identify factors associated regional disparities persisted 24 %) utilization ethiopia </ p plus anc utilization urban poor women media exposure associated factors regional disparities health surveys 10 %). positively associated higher odds greater odds alongside media utilization declined anc utilization urban poor urban ethiopia urban areas xlink "> strongest predictor somali region poor women multilevel analysis ethiopian demographic confidence intervals complication prevention based awareness 82 %), 6 %. 34 years |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Hierarchical data structure. |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Image Figure info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion image |
| description | <div><p>Introduction</p><p>Antenatal care(ANC) is the gateway of the continuum of reproductive health care, offering a framework for complication prevention, screening, diagnosis, and health promotion.</p><p>Objective</p><p>This study examined trends, disparities and associated factors of ANC utilization (ANC4+ and ANC8+) among urban women in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2019.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We analyzed five rounds of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (2000–2019) data, disaggregated by wealth, education, and region using Stata version 16.1. Multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with four-plus and eight-plus ANC utilization. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals were reported, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.</p><p>Results</p><p>ANC4 + utilization increased from 43.1% in 2000 to 58.7% in 2019. while, ANC8 + utilization declined from 11.4% to 3.6%. Among the urban non-poor, ANC4 + rose from 60.5% to 81.8% compared to 37.8% to 48.7% among the urban poor. Regional disparities were pronounced: Addis Ababa showed the highest ANC4 + use (72% to 82%), but a decline in ANC8+ (38% to 10%). Somali region had the lowest ANC4+ (9% to 24%) utilization, though it increased from 9% in 2000 to 24% in 2019 and Gambella had the lowest ANC8 + utilization. Wealth disparities were strong, with non-poor women more likely to utilize ANC4+ (AOR= 2.43; 95% CI: 2.12–2.78) and ANC8+ (AOR= 3.02; 95% CI: 2.49–3.65) than poor women. Education also significantly associated: women with secondary or higher education had greater odds of ANC4+ (AOR= 3.02; 95% CI: 2.54–3.59) and ANC8+ (AOR= 2.13; 95% CI: 1.63–2.78). Women aged 30–34 years had higher odds of utilizing ANC4+ (AOR= 2.89; 95% CI: 2.10–3.98) and ANC8+ (AOR= 2.22; 95% CI: 1.37–3.59). Weekly media exposure was positively associated with ANC4+ (AOR= 1.53; 95% CI: 1.28–1.83).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Significant disparities in ANC (ANC4+ and ANC8+) utilization persist across wealth, education and regions in urban Ethiopia. Wealth status was the strongest predictor, with non-poor women steadily advantaged. Maternal education, age, media exposure, and marital status also showed positive associations, while regional disparities persisted, with Addis Ababa outperforming other urban areas. Improving ANC uptake requires targeted interventions for urban poor women, alongside media-based awareness and educational initiatives.</p></div> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara_d3abcf78897b79c3317c439a74b89319 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0337241.s001 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara |
| network_name_str | ManaraRepo |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/30696582 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Hierarchical data structure.Worku Dechassa Heyi (22676316)Wubegzier Mekonnen Ayele (22676319)Dessalegn Y. Melesse (10982959)Cell BiologyBiotechnologyEvolutionary BiologyDevelopmental BiologyCancerScience PolicyInfectious Diseasesstatistical significance setanalyzed five roundsaddis ababa showedaddis ababa outperforming63 &# 821154 &# 821149 &# 821128 &# 821112 &# 8211reproductive health care10 &# 8211adjusted odds ratiosantenatal care utilizationstudy examined trends37 &# 82112000 &# 8211weekly media exposureidentify factors associatedregional disparities persisted24 %) utilizationethiopia </ pplus anc utilizationurban poor womenmedia exposureassociated factorsregional disparitieshealth surveys10 %).positively associatedhigher oddsgreater oddsalongside mediautilization declinedanc utilizationurban poorurban ethiopiaurban areasxlink ">strongest predictorsomali regionpoor womenmultilevel analysisethiopian demographicconfidence intervalscomplication preventionbased awareness82 %),6 %.34 years<div><p>Introduction</p><p>Antenatal care(ANC) is the gateway of the continuum of reproductive health care, offering a framework for complication prevention, screening, diagnosis, and health promotion.</p><p>Objective</p><p>This study examined trends, disparities and associated factors of ANC utilization (ANC4+ and ANC8+) among urban women in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2019.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We analyzed five rounds of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys (2000–2019) data, disaggregated by wealth, education, and region using Stata version 16.1. Multilevel logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with four-plus and eight-plus ANC utilization. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals were reported, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.</p><p>Results</p><p>ANC4 + utilization increased from 43.1% in 2000 to 58.7% in 2019. while, ANC8 + utilization declined from 11.4% to 3.6%. Among the urban non-poor, ANC4 + rose from 60.5% to 81.8% compared to 37.8% to 48.7% among the urban poor. Regional disparities were pronounced: Addis Ababa showed the highest ANC4 + use (72% to 82%), but a decline in ANC8+ (38% to 10%). Somali region had the lowest ANC4+ (9% to 24%) utilization, though it increased from 9% in 2000 to 24% in 2019 and Gambella had the lowest ANC8 + utilization. Wealth disparities were strong, with non-poor women more likely to utilize ANC4+ (AOR= 2.43; 95% CI: 2.12–2.78) and ANC8+ (AOR= 3.02; 95% CI: 2.49–3.65) than poor women. Education also significantly associated: women with secondary or higher education had greater odds of ANC4+ (AOR= 3.02; 95% CI: 2.54–3.59) and ANC8+ (AOR= 2.13; 95% CI: 1.63–2.78). Women aged 30–34 years had higher odds of utilizing ANC4+ (AOR= 2.89; 95% CI: 2.10–3.98) and ANC8+ (AOR= 2.22; 95% CI: 1.37–3.59). Weekly media exposure was positively associated with ANC4+ (AOR= 1.53; 95% CI: 1.28–1.83).</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Significant disparities in ANC (ANC4+ and ANC8+) utilization persist across wealth, education and regions in urban Ethiopia. Wealth status was the strongest predictor, with non-poor women steadily advantaged. Maternal education, age, media exposure, and marital status also showed positive associations, while regional disparities persisted, with Addis Ababa outperforming other urban areas. Improving ANC uptake requires targeted interventions for urban poor women, alongside media-based awareness and educational initiatives.</p></div>2025-11-24T18:24:06ZImageFigureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionimage10.1371/journal.pone.0337241.s001https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Hierarchical_data_structure_/30696582CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/306965822025-11-24T18:24:06Z |
| spellingShingle | Hierarchical data structure. Worku Dechassa Heyi (22676316) Cell Biology Biotechnology Evolutionary Biology Developmental Biology Cancer Science Policy Infectious Diseases statistical significance set analyzed five rounds addis ababa showed addis ababa outperforming 63 &# 8211 54 &# 8211 49 &# 8211 28 &# 8211 12 &# 8211 reproductive health care 10 &# 8211 adjusted odds ratios antenatal care utilization study examined trends 37 &# 8211 2000 &# 8211 weekly media exposure identify factors associated regional disparities persisted 24 %) utilization ethiopia </ p plus anc utilization urban poor women media exposure associated factors regional disparities health surveys 10 %). positively associated higher odds greater odds alongside media utilization declined anc utilization urban poor urban ethiopia urban areas xlink "> strongest predictor somali region poor women multilevel analysis ethiopian demographic confidence intervals complication prevention based awareness 82 %), 6 %. 34 years |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Hierarchical data structure. |
| title_full | Hierarchical data structure. |
| title_fullStr | Hierarchical data structure. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hierarchical data structure. |
| title_short | Hierarchical data structure. |
| title_sort | Hierarchical data structure. |
| topic | Cell Biology Biotechnology Evolutionary Biology Developmental Biology Cancer Science Policy Infectious Diseases statistical significance set analyzed five rounds addis ababa showed addis ababa outperforming 63 &# 8211 54 &# 8211 49 &# 8211 28 &# 8211 12 &# 8211 reproductive health care 10 &# 8211 adjusted odds ratios antenatal care utilization study examined trends 37 &# 8211 2000 &# 8211 weekly media exposure identify factors associated regional disparities persisted 24 %) utilization ethiopia </ p plus anc utilization urban poor women media exposure associated factors regional disparities health surveys 10 %). positively associated higher odds greater odds alongside media utilization declined anc utilization urban poor urban ethiopia urban areas xlink "> strongest predictor somali region poor women multilevel analysis ethiopian demographic confidence intervals complication prevention based awareness 82 %), 6 %. 34 years |