Image 2_SARS-CoV-2 post-acute sequelae linked to inflammation via extracellular vesicles.jpeg

Image 2_SARS-CoV-2 post-acute sequelae linked to inflammation via extracellular vesicles.jpeg

Background<p>Despite the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in reducing mortality and severe cases of COVID-19, a proportion of survivors experience long-term symptoms, known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). This study investigates the long-term immunological and neurodegene...

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Main Author: Sara Bachiller (15231716) (author)
Other Authors: Joana Vitallé (5103635) (author), Lluís Camprubí-Ferrer (21096785) (author), Manuel García (21096788) (author), Isabel Gallego (3226725) (author), Marina López-García (21096791) (author), María Isabel Galvá (21096794) (author), Julio Cañizares (21096797) (author), Inmaculada Rivas-Jeremías (21096800) (author), María Díaz-Mateos (21096803) (author), Carmen Gasca-Capote (13047335) (author), Cristina Moral-Turón (21096809) (author), Lourdes Galán-Villamor (21096812) (author), María Fontillón (21096815) (author), Salvador Sobrino (21096818) (author), José Miguel Cisneros (3592799) (author), Luis Fernando López-Cortés (5774522) (author), Tomas Deierborg (415655) (author), Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos (3907009) (author)
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Genetic Immunology
SARS-CoV-2
post-acute sequelae
extracellular vesicles
immune system
colon tissue
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Summary:Background<p>Despite the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in reducing mortality and severe cases of COVID-19, a proportion of survivors experience long-term symptoms, known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). This study investigates the long-term immunological and neurodegenerative effects associated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) in COVID-19 survivors, 15 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection.</p>Methods<p>13 Controls and 20 COVID-19 survivors, 15 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, were recruited. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were analyzed in both plasma and EVs. A deep-immunophenotyping of monocytes, T-cells and dendritic cells (DCs) was performed, along with immunostainings of SARS-CoV-2 in the colon.</p>Results<p>Higher concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neurofilaments were found in EVs but not in plasma from COVID-19 survivors. Additionally, COVID-19 participants exhibited altered monocyte activation markers and elevated cytokine production upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Increased activation markers in CD4+ T-cells and decreased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase expression in DCs were observed in COVID-19 participants. Furthermore, the amount of plasmacytoid DCs9 expressing β7-integrin were higher in COVID-19, potentially associated with the viral persistence observed in the colon.</p>Conclusions<p>COVID-19 survivors exhibit long-term immune dysregulation and neurodegeneration, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring of PASC. The cargo of EVs can be a promising tool for early detection of virus-induced neurological disorders.</p>

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