Ring constellation diagram.
<div><p>Investigating practical methods for real-time monitoring of modulation formats (MF) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) in coherent optical communication systems is critical for advancing future dynamic and heterogeneous optical networks. In this work, we propose a residual...
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2025
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| _version_ | 1852015831613964288 |
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| author | Jinrong Liang (3918740) |
| author2 | Yong Bao (296790) |
| author2_role | author |
| author_facet | Jinrong Liang (3918740) Yong Bao (296790) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Jinrong Liang (3918740) Yong Bao (296790) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-10-13T17:22:37Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0333936.g002 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Ring_constellation_diagram_/30347872 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Science Policy Space Science Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Information Systems not elsewhere classified lightweight application scenarios average absolute errors average absolute error applying taylor pruning advancing future dynamic perform joint monitoring acceptable monitoring performance modulation format recognition heterogeneous optical networks mf recognition accuracy evaluated using 5 time monitoring optical signal modulation formats sample length results indicate residual network point operations parameter memory noise ratio including 8qam following fine fold cross fiber length attention mechanism 988 %, 34 db 32 db 160 km |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Ring constellation diagram. |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Image Figure info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion image |
| description | <div><p>Investigating practical methods for real-time monitoring of modulation formats (MF) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) in coherent optical communication systems is critical for advancing future dynamic and heterogeneous optical networks. In this work, we propose a residual network with an attention mechanism(SA-ResNet) to perform joint monitoring of MF and OSNR for mainstream quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) signals, including 8QAM, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, and 128QAM. After applying Taylor pruning to the model, its floating-point operations (FLOPs) were reduced from 40.5 M to 9.5 M, and its parameter memory was decreased from 2.6 M to 0.5 M. Notably, following fine-tuning, the model still achieved 100% MF recognition accuracy and an average absolute error of 0.34 dB for OSNR estimation under a sample length of 16,000 and fiber length of 160 km. When the model is evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation, the average MF recognition accuracy is 99.988%, and the mean of average absolute errors for OSNR estimation is 0.32 dB. These results indicate that the proposed model has acceptable monitoring performance and requires relatively low computational resources, which makes it attractive for lightweight application scenarios of optical fiber monitoring systems.</p></div> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara_dc568b99a42b4bbd68a076b2ec23b4a8 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0333936.g002 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara |
| network_name_str | ManaraRepo |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/30347872 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Ring constellation diagram.Jinrong Liang (3918740)Yong Bao (296790)Science PolicySpace ScienceBiological Sciences not elsewhere classifiedInformation Systems not elsewhere classifiedlightweight application scenariosaverage absolute errorsaverage absolute errorapplying taylor pruningadvancing future dynamicperform joint monitoringacceptable monitoring performancemodulation format recognitionheterogeneous optical networksmf recognition accuracyevaluated using 5time monitoringoptical signalmodulation formatssample lengthresults indicateresidual networkpoint operationsparameter memorynoise ratioincluding 8qamfollowing finefold crossfiber lengthattention mechanism988 %,34 db32 db160 km<div><p>Investigating practical methods for real-time monitoring of modulation formats (MF) and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) in coherent optical communication systems is critical for advancing future dynamic and heterogeneous optical networks. In this work, we propose a residual network with an attention mechanism(SA-ResNet) to perform joint monitoring of MF and OSNR for mainstream quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) signals, including 8QAM, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM, and 128QAM. After applying Taylor pruning to the model, its floating-point operations (FLOPs) were reduced from 40.5 M to 9.5 M, and its parameter memory was decreased from 2.6 M to 0.5 M. Notably, following fine-tuning, the model still achieved 100% MF recognition accuracy and an average absolute error of 0.34 dB for OSNR estimation under a sample length of 16,000 and fiber length of 160 km. When the model is evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation, the average MF recognition accuracy is 99.988%, and the mean of average absolute errors for OSNR estimation is 0.32 dB. These results indicate that the proposed model has acceptable monitoring performance and requires relatively low computational resources, which makes it attractive for lightweight application scenarios of optical fiber monitoring systems.</p></div>2025-10-13T17:22:37ZImageFigureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionimage10.1371/journal.pone.0333936.g002https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Ring_constellation_diagram_/30347872CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/303478722025-10-13T17:22:37Z |
| spellingShingle | Ring constellation diagram. Jinrong Liang (3918740) Science Policy Space Science Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Information Systems not elsewhere classified lightweight application scenarios average absolute errors average absolute error applying taylor pruning advancing future dynamic perform joint monitoring acceptable monitoring performance modulation format recognition heterogeneous optical networks mf recognition accuracy evaluated using 5 time monitoring optical signal modulation formats sample length results indicate residual network point operations parameter memory noise ratio including 8qam following fine fold cross fiber length attention mechanism 988 %, 34 db 32 db 160 km |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Ring constellation diagram. |
| title_full | Ring constellation diagram. |
| title_fullStr | Ring constellation diagram. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ring constellation diagram. |
| title_short | Ring constellation diagram. |
| title_sort | Ring constellation diagram. |
| topic | Science Policy Space Science Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified Information Systems not elsewhere classified lightweight application scenarios average absolute errors average absolute error applying taylor pruning advancing future dynamic perform joint monitoring acceptable monitoring performance modulation format recognition heterogeneous optical networks mf recognition accuracy evaluated using 5 time monitoring optical signal modulation formats sample length results indicate residual network point operations parameter memory noise ratio including 8qam following fine fold cross fiber length attention mechanism 988 %, 34 db 32 db 160 km |