Experimental Design and Procedure.
<p><b>(A)</b> Participants with scores ≥24 on the Shipley underwent all experimental tasks in the following fixed order: Verbal Completion Task (VCT), Verbal Discrimination Task (VDT), and Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST). <b>(B)</b> At encoding, participants were present...
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| _version_ | 1849927643705638912 |
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| author | Ariana Youm (22676310) |
| author2 | Melanie Cohn (438056) Katherine Duncan (8201052) |
| author2_role | author author |
| author_facet | Ariana Youm (22676310) Melanie Cohn (438056) Katherine Duncan (8201052) |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Ariana Youm (22676310) Melanie Cohn (438056) Katherine Duncan (8201052) |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-11-24T18:22:57Z |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0336045.g001 |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv | https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Experimental_Design_and_Procedure_/30696471 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Neuroscience Evolutionary Biology Sociology Developmental Biology Science Policy Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified verbal discrimination task subset also completed shift remains mixed semantically similar content perceptually similar lures many studies suggest current study aimed older adults show verbal completion task mnemonic similarity task episodic memory specificity six younger adults xlink "> aging memory specificity may vdt ), suggesting memory specificity younger adults semantic similarity pattern completion mst ), strictly rooted spatial processing semantic representations results showed related differences perceptual domains pattern separation part due others indicate object mst minimize reliance impairment reflects heightened tendency generalized reduction findings go executive functioning direct comparison commonly measured |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Experimental Design and Procedure. |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Image Figure info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion image |
| description | <p><b>(A)</b> Participants with scores ≥24 on the Shipley underwent all experimental tasks in the following fixed order: Verbal Completion Task (VCT), Verbal Discrimination Task (VDT), and Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST). <b>(B)</b> At encoding, participants were presented with a series of sentences that each contained one capitalized target word. Participants read each sentence out loud and then rated how well they knew the target word (1 = “don’t know,” 2 = “kind of know,” and 3 = “know very well”). The structure of the encoding task was the same for the VCT and VDT, but the number of trials differed. During the VCT, participants were presented with 24 sentences (20 target, 2 beginning buffers, and 2 ending buffers), and during the VDT, with 84 sentences (80 target, 2 beginning buffers, and 2 ending buffers). <b>(C)</b> VCT retrieval consisted of two blocks: Inclusion and Exclusion. For Inclusion, participants were instructed to complete the cue with a word they had just studied. For Exclusion, participants were instructed to complete the cue with a word they had never seen before in the context of the experiment. <b>(D)</b> During VDT retrieval, participants engaged in a recognition memory test in which they identified each item as “old” or “new” with a button press. Forty words were exact repetitions of words presented in the encoding phase (targets); 40 were synonyms of those seen during the encoding phase but not identical (lures); 40 were new words not previously seen (foils). (E) 33/66 younger and 35/66 older adults completed the MST (old/new version; [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0336045#pone.0336045.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>]). During encoding, participants judged whether each object was commonly found indoors or outdoors. At retrieval, participants engaged in a recognition memory test in which they identified each item as “old” or “new” with a button press. 40 were exact repetitions of images presented in the encoding phase (targets); 40 were similar images to those seen during the encoding phase but not identical (lures); 40 were new images not previously seen (foils).</p> |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| id | Manara_f44ab1387320f81a057b78f9976dee97 |
| identifier_str_mv | 10.1371/journal.pone.0336045.g001 |
| network_acronym_str | Manara |
| network_name_str | ManaraRepo |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:figshare.com:article/30696471 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | CC BY 4.0 |
| spelling | Experimental Design and Procedure.Ariana Youm (22676310)Melanie Cohn (438056)Katherine Duncan (8201052)NeuroscienceEvolutionary BiologySociologyDevelopmental BiologyScience PolicyEnvironmental Sciences not elsewhere classifiedBiological Sciences not elsewhere classifiedverbal discrimination tasksubset also completedshift remains mixedsemantically similar contentperceptually similar luresmany studies suggestcurrent study aimedolder adults showverbal completion taskmnemonic similarity taskepisodic memory specificitysix younger adultsxlink "> agingmemory specificity mayvdt ), suggestingmemory specificityyounger adultssemantic similaritypattern completionmst ),strictly rootedspatial processingsemantic representationsresults showedrelated differencesperceptual domainspattern separationpart dueothers indicateobject mstminimize relianceimpairment reflectsheightened tendencygeneralized reductionfindings goexecutive functioningdirect comparisoncommonly measured<p><b>(A)</b> Participants with scores ≥24 on the Shipley underwent all experimental tasks in the following fixed order: Verbal Completion Task (VCT), Verbal Discrimination Task (VDT), and Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST). <b>(B)</b> At encoding, participants were presented with a series of sentences that each contained one capitalized target word. Participants read each sentence out loud and then rated how well they knew the target word (1 = “don’t know,” 2 = “kind of know,” and 3 = “know very well”). The structure of the encoding task was the same for the VCT and VDT, but the number of trials differed. During the VCT, participants were presented with 24 sentences (20 target, 2 beginning buffers, and 2 ending buffers), and during the VDT, with 84 sentences (80 target, 2 beginning buffers, and 2 ending buffers). <b>(C)</b> VCT retrieval consisted of two blocks: Inclusion and Exclusion. For Inclusion, participants were instructed to complete the cue with a word they had just studied. For Exclusion, participants were instructed to complete the cue with a word they had never seen before in the context of the experiment. <b>(D)</b> During VDT retrieval, participants engaged in a recognition memory test in which they identified each item as “old” or “new” with a button press. Forty words were exact repetitions of words presented in the encoding phase (targets); 40 were synonyms of those seen during the encoding phase but not identical (lures); 40 were new words not previously seen (foils). (E) 33/66 younger and 35/66 older adults completed the MST (old/new version; [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0336045#pone.0336045.ref015" target="_blank">15</a>]). During encoding, participants judged whether each object was commonly found indoors or outdoors. At retrieval, participants engaged in a recognition memory test in which they identified each item as “old” or “new” with a button press. 40 were exact repetitions of images presented in the encoding phase (targets); 40 were similar images to those seen during the encoding phase but not identical (lures); 40 were new images not previously seen (foils).</p>2025-11-24T18:22:57ZImageFigureinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionimage10.1371/journal.pone.0336045.g001https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Experimental_Design_and_Procedure_/30696471CC BY 4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:figshare.com:article/306964712025-11-24T18:22:57Z |
| spellingShingle | Experimental Design and Procedure. Ariana Youm (22676310) Neuroscience Evolutionary Biology Sociology Developmental Biology Science Policy Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified verbal discrimination task subset also completed shift remains mixed semantically similar content perceptually similar lures many studies suggest current study aimed older adults show verbal completion task mnemonic similarity task episodic memory specificity six younger adults xlink "> aging memory specificity may vdt ), suggesting memory specificity younger adults semantic similarity pattern completion mst ), strictly rooted spatial processing semantic representations results showed related differences perceptual domains pattern separation part due others indicate object mst minimize reliance impairment reflects heightened tendency generalized reduction findings go executive functioning direct comparison commonly measured |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Experimental Design and Procedure. |
| title_full | Experimental Design and Procedure. |
| title_fullStr | Experimental Design and Procedure. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Experimental Design and Procedure. |
| title_short | Experimental Design and Procedure. |
| title_sort | Experimental Design and Procedure. |
| topic | Neuroscience Evolutionary Biology Sociology Developmental Biology Science Policy Environmental Sciences not elsewhere classified Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified verbal discrimination task subset also completed shift remains mixed semantically similar content perceptually similar lures many studies suggest current study aimed older adults show verbal completion task mnemonic similarity task episodic memory specificity six younger adults xlink "> aging memory specificity may vdt ), suggesting memory specificity younger adults semantic similarity pattern completion mst ), strictly rooted spatial processing semantic representations results showed related differences perceptual domains pattern separation part due others indicate object mst minimize reliance impairment reflects heightened tendency generalized reduction findings go executive functioning direct comparison commonly measured |