Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDecades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes i...

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التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي:	Nicholas, Steel (author)
مؤلفون آخرون:	Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes (author), Ford, John A (author), Abbafati, Cristiana (author), Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani (author), Abdelkader, Atef (author), Abdi, Parsa (author), Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel (author), Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola (author), Abolhassani, Hassan (author), Abu-Gharbieh, Eman (author), Abukhadijah, Hana J (author), Abu-Zaid, Ahmed (author), Addo, Isaac Yeboah (author), Addolorato, Giovanni (author), Adekanmbi, Victor (author), Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi (author), Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther (author), Agardh, Emilie E (author), Agyemang-Duah, Williams (author), Ahmad, Danish (author), Ahmed, Anisuddin (author), Ahmed, Ayman (author), Ahmed, Syed Anees (author), Akinosoglou, Karolina (author), Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed (author), Al Awaidy, Salah (author), Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz (author), Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed (author), Aldridge, Robert W (author), Algammal, Abdelazeem M (author), Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed (author), Ali, Abid (author), Ali, Mohammed Usman (author), Ali, Syed Shujait (author), Ali, Waad (author), Alicandro, Gianfranco (author), Alif, Sheikh Mohammad (author), Al-Jumaily, Adel (author), Allebeck, Peter (author), Alrawashdeh, Ahmad (author), Al-Rifai, Rami H (author), Alsabri, Mohammed A (author), Alshahrani, Najim Z (author), Aluh, Deborah Oyine (author), Al-Wardat, Mohammad (author), Al-Zyoud, Walid A (author), Amiri, Sohrab (author), Anderlini, Deanna (author), Andrei, Catalina Liliana (author), Anil, Abhishek (author), Anvari, Saeid (author), Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward (author), Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw (author), Aquilano, Michele (author), Arabloo, Jalal (author), Arafat, Mosab (author), Areda, Demelash (author), Aremu, Abdulfatai (author), Armani, Keivan (author), Armocida, Benedetta (author), Ärnlöv, Johan (author), Asaduzzaman, Muhammad (author), Astell-Burt, Thomas (author), Aujayeb, Avinash (author), Ausloos, Marcel (author), Azadnajafabad, Sina (author), Aziz, Shahkaar (author), Azzam, Ahmed Y (author), Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah (author), Badache, Andreea Corina (author), Badiye, Ashish D (author), Bahramian, Saeed (author), Baig, Atif Amin (author), Baker, Jennifer L (author), Bansal, Hansi (author), Bärnighausen, Till Winfried (author), Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara (author), Barrow, Amadou (author), Barteit, Sandra (author), Bashir, Shahid (author), Bashiru, Hameed Akande (author), Basso, João Diogo (author), Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi (author), Basu, Sanjay (author), Batra, Kavita (author), Bauckneht, Matteo (author), Baune, Bernhard T (author), Beghi, Massimiliano (author), Beiranvand, Maryam (author), Béjot, Yannick (author), Bell, Michelle L (author), Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja (author), Belo, Luis (author), Beloukas, Apostolos (author), Beneke, Alice A (author), Bettencourt, Paulo J G (author), Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth (author), Bhala, Neeraj (author), Bhaskar, Sonu (author), Bisulli, Francesca (author), Bjørge, Tone (author), Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan (author), Botero Carvajal, Alejandro (author), Bouaoud, Souad (author), Brayne, Carol (author), Brenner, Hermann (author), Briggs, Adam D M (author), Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich (author), Bugiardini, Raffaele (author), Buonsenso, Danilo (author), Busse, Reinhard (author), Bustanji, Yasser (author), Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano (author), Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap (author), Capodici, Angelo (author), Carreras, Giulia (author), Carugno, Andrea (author), Carvalho, Felix (author), Carvalho, Márcia (author), Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio (author), Castelpietra, Giulio (author), Catapano, Alberico L (author), Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia (author), Cegolon, Luca (author), Cenko, Edina (author), Cerin, Ester (author), Cerrai, Sonia (author), Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad (author), Chong, Bryan (author), Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan (author), Chu, Dinh-Toi (author), Chukwu, Isaac Sunday (author), Chung, Sheng-Chia (author), Cioffi, Iolanda (author), Conde, Joao (author), Cortese, Samuele (author), Couto, Rosa A S (author), Criqui, Michael H (author), Cruz-Martins, Natalia (author), Dadras, Omid (author), Dallat, Mary Anne Teresa (author), D'Amico, Emanuele (author), D'Anna, Lucio (author), Darcho, Samuel Demissie (author), Dargan, Paul I (author), Das, Saswati (author), de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro (author), Del Bo', Cristian (author), Demetriades, Andreas K (author), Dervenis, Nikolaos (author), Devleesschauwer, Brecht (author), Dhali, Arkadeep (author), Dhama, Kuldeep (author), Dianatinasab, Mostafa (author), Diaz, Michael J (author), Dongarwar, Deepa (author), D'Oria, Mario (author), Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai (author), Dowou, Robert Kokou (author), Duraisamy, Senbagam (author), Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher (author), Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian (author), Edvardsson, David (author), Edvardsson, Kristina (author), Eikemo, Terje Andreas (author), Ekholuenetale, Michael (author), Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus (author), El Arab, Rabie Adel (author), Elgar, Frank J (author), Elhadi, Muhammed (author), Eltaha, Chadi (author), Esposito, Francesco (author), Fabin, Natalia (author), Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis (author), Fagbule, Omotayo Francis (author), Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar (author), Falzone, Luca (author), Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá (author), Faris, Pawan Sirwan (author), Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo (author), Fazeli, Patrick (author), Fazylov, Timur (author), Feizkhah, Alireza (author), Fekadu, Ginenus (author), Feng, Xiaoqi (author), Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad (author), Ferrante, Daniela (author), Ferrara, Pietro (author), Ferreira, Nuno (author), Fetensa, Getahun (author), Fischer, Florian (author), Fonzo, Marco (author), Fornari, Arianna (author), Fortuna, Daniela (author), Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia (author), Foschi, Matteo (author), Fox, Sebastian S (author), Freitas, Alberto (author), Fukumoto, Takeshi (author), Gadanya, Muktar A (author), Gallus, Silvano (author), Galluzzo, Lucia (author), Ganesan, Balasankar (author), Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat (author), Gao, Xiang (author), Garcia-Gordillo, MA (author), Gazzelloni, Federica (author), Gebregergis, Miglas Welay (author), Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru (author), Ghadimi, Delaram J (author), Ghailan, Khalid Yaser (author), Ghith, Nermin (author), Gholami, Ehsan (author), Gialluisi, Alessandro (author), Gill, Paramjit Singh (author), Gillam, Tara (author), Giussani, Giorgia (author), Glasbey, James C (author), Glenn, Scott D (author), Göbölös, Laszlo (author), Goldust, Mohamad (author), Golechha, Mahaveer (author), Goleij, Pouya (author), Golinelli, Davide (author), Gorini, Giuseppe (author), Graham, Simon Matthew (author), Griebler, Robert (author), Grover, Ashna (author), Guicciardi, Stefano (author), Gunturu, Sasidhar (author), Gupta, Vijai Kumar (author), Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven (author), Habteyohannes, Awoke Derbie (author), Haep, Nils (author), Hai Nam, Nguyen (author), Haller, Sebastian (author), Hamoudi, Rifat (author), Handanagic, Senad (author), Haro, Josep Maria (author), 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Hussein (author), Kamath, Rajesh (author), Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem (author), Kapoor, Neeti (author), Karakasis, Paschalis (author), Karanikolos, Marina (author), Karaye, Ibraheem M (author), Kauppila, Joonas H (author), Kazemian, Sina (author), Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle (author), Khamesipour, Faham (author), Khan, Ajmal (author), Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh (author), Khatab, Khaled (author), Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad (author), Khormali, Moein (author), Khosla, Atulya Aman (author), Khosravi, Majid (author), Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood (author), Khubchandani, Jagdish (author), Kim, Kwanghyun (author), Kim, Min Seo (author), Kisa, Adnan (author), Kisa, Sezer (author), Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo (author), Koren, Gerbrand (author), Kuddus, Md Abdul (author), Kuitunen, Ilari (author), Kulimbet, Mukhtar (author), Kumar, Rakesh (author), Kunutsor, Setor K (author), Kurmi, Om P (author), Kusuma, Dian (author), Kytö, Ville (author), La Vecchia, Carlo (author), Lai, Hanpeng (author), Lallukka, Tea (author), Lanfranchi, Francesco (author), Langguth, Berthold (author), Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane (author), Larson, Heidi Jane (author), Larsson, Anders O (author), Lee, Munjae (author), Lee, Paul H (author), Lee, Seung Won (author), Lee, Wei-Chen (author), Lindholm, Daniel (author), Linehan, Christine (author), Liu, Xuefeng (author), Llanaj, Erand (author), López-Gil, José Francisco (author), Lorkowski, Stefan (author), Lucchetti, Giancarlo (author), Lugo, Alessandra (author), Lunevicius, Raimundas (author), Luo, Lisha (author), M Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim (author), Ma, Zheng Feei (author), Machairas, Nikolaos (author), Machoy, Monika (author), Malhotra, Kashish (author), Malik, Ahmad Azam (author), Mansour, Ali (author), Manu, Emmanuel (author), Marateb, Hamid Reza (author), Martini, Daniela (author), Martorell, Miquel (author), Marzo, Roy Rillera (author), Mathangasinghe, Yasith (author), Mathur, Medha (author), Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido (author), Maude, Richard James (author), Maugeri, Andrea (author), May, Juergen (author), Mayeli, Mahsa (author), Mazidi, Mohsen (author), McKee, Martin (author), Mechili, Enkeleint A (author), Mehravar, Sepideh (author), Mekene Meto, Tesfahun (author), Meles, Hadush Negash (author), Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A (author), Meretoja, Atte (author), Meretoja, Tuomo J (author), Mettananda, Sachith (author), Micha, Georgia (author), Michalek, Irmina Maria (author), Miller, Ted R (author), Minervini, Giuseppe (author), Mirijello, Antonio (author), Mocciaro, Gabriele (author), Moghadam Fard, Atousa (author), Mohamed, Jama (author), Mohamed, Nouh Saad (author), Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah (author), Mohammed, Shafiu (author), Monasta, Lorenzo (author), Mondello, Stefania (author), Moni, Mohammad Ali (author), Moraga, Paula (author), Morawska, Lidia (author), Mossie, Tilahun Belete (author), Motappa, Rohith (author), Mubarik, Sumaira (author), Muccioli, Lorenzo (author), Mueller, Ulrich Otto (author), Mughal, Faraz (author), Mulita, Francesk (author), Munblit, Daniel (author), Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham (author), Murray, Christopher J L (author), Naghavi, Mohsen (author), Naghavi, Pirouz (author), Naik, Ganesh R (author), Najdaghi, Soroush (author), Naqvi, Atta Abbas (author), Narimani Davani, Delaram (author), Nascimento, Gustavo G (author), Naser, Abdallah Y (author), Nashwan, Abdulqadir J (author), Nauman, Javaid (author), Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari (author), Nazri-Panjaki, Athare (author), Nejjari, Chakib (author), Nena, Evangelia (author), Netsere, Henok Biresaw (author), Nguyen, Anh Hoang (author), Nguyen, Phat Tuan (author), Nguyen, Van Thanh (author), Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles (author), Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed (author), Nouri, Mehran (author), Nugen, Fred (author), Nurchis, Mario Cesare (author), Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet (author), Oancea, Bogdan (author), O'Donnell, Martin James (author), Oduro, Michael Safo (author), Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu (author), Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer (author), Okeke, Sylvester Reuben (author), Okonji, Osaretin Christabel (author), Olagunju, Andrew T (author), Oliver, Susan (author), Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa (author), Ortiz, Alberto (author), Owolabi, Mayowa O (author), P A, Mahesh Padukudru (author), Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (author), Palma-Alvarez, Raul Felipe Felipe (author), Panda, Sujogya Kumar (author), Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra (author), Panos, Georgios D (author), Panos, Leonidas D (author), Pantazopoulos, Ioannis (author), Pardhan, Shahina (author), Parikh, Romil R (author), Passera, Roberto (author), Patil, Shankargouda (author), Patoulias, Dimitrios (author), Pawar, Shrikant (author), Pensato, Umberto (author), Pereira, Gavin (author), Perico, Norberto (author), Perna, Simone (author), Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily (author), Pham, Hoang Nhat (author), Philip, Anil K (author), Pierannunzio, Daniela (author), Pigeolet, Manon (author), Pisoni, Enrico (author), Poddighe, Dimitri (author), Poluru, Ramesh (author), Postma, Maarten J (author), Pradhan, 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التنسيق:	article
منشور في:	2025
الموضوعات:	COVID-19 Europe
الوصول للمادة أونلاين:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246826672500009X http://hdl.handle.net/10576/65536
الوسوم:	إضافة وسم لا توجد وسوم, كن أول من يضع وسما على هذه التسجيلة!

_version_	1857415083747966976
author	Nicholas, Steel
author2	Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W Algammal, Abdelazeem M Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H Alsabri, Mohammed A Alshahrani, Najim Z Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A Bettencourt, Paulo J G Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Botero Carvajal, Alejandro Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, Hermann Briggs, Adam D M Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Bugiardini, Raffaele Buonsenso, Danilo Busse, Reinhard Bustanji, Yasser Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap Capodici, Angelo Carreras, Giulia Carugno, Andrea Carvalho, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio Castelpietra, Giulio Catapano, Alberico L Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Cegolon, Luca Cenko, Edina Cerin, Ester Cerrai, Sonia Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chong, Bryan Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Chung, Sheng-Chia Cioffi, Iolanda Conde, Joao Cortese, Samuele Couto, Rosa A S Criqui, Michael H Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dallat, Mary Anne Teresa D'Amico, Emanuele D'Anna, Lucio Darcho, Samuel Demissie Dargan, Paul I Das, Saswati de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro Del Bo', Cristian Demetriades, Andreas K Dervenis, Nikolaos Devleesschauwer, Brecht Dhali, Arkadeep Dhama, Kuldeep Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Michael J Dongarwar, Deepa D'Oria, Mario Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Dowou, Robert Kokou Duraisamy, Senbagam Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian Edvardsson, David Edvardsson, Kristina Eikemo, Terje Andreas Ekholuenetale, Michael Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Arab, Rabie Adel Elgar, Frank J Elhadi, Muhammed Eltaha, Chadi Esposito, Francesco Fabin, Natalia Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fagbule, Omotayo Francis Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar Falzone, Luca Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá Faris, Pawan Sirwan Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo Fazeli, Patrick Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Feng, Xiaoqi Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad Ferrante, Daniela Ferrara, Pietro Ferreira, Nuno Fetensa, Getahun Fischer, Florian Fonzo, Marco Fornari, Arianna Fortuna, Daniela Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia Foschi, Matteo Fox, Sebastian S Freitas, Alberto Fukumoto, Takeshi Gadanya, Muktar A Gallus, Silvano Galluzzo, Lucia Ganesan, Balasankar Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat Gao, Xiang Garcia-Gordillo, MA Gazzelloni, Federica Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Ghadimi, Delaram J Ghailan, Khalid Yaser Ghith, Nermin Gholami, Ehsan Gialluisi, Alessandro Gill, Paramjit Singh Gillam, Tara Giussani, Giorgia Glasbey, James C Glenn, Scott D Göbölös, Laszlo Goldust, Mohamad Golechha, Mahaveer Goleij, Pouya Golinelli, Davide Gorini, Giuseppe Graham, Simon Matthew Griebler, Robert Grover, Ashna Guicciardi, Stefano Gunturu, Sasidhar Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven Habteyohannes, Awoke Derbie Haep, Nils Hai Nam, Nguyen Haller, Sebastian Hamoudi, Rifat Handanagic, Senad Haro, Josep Maria Hasani, Hamidreza Hasnain, Md Saquib Havmoeller, Rasmus J Hay, Simon I Hebert, Jeffrey J Heibati, Behzad Hilderink, Henk B M Hiraike, Yuta Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hostiuc, Sorin Hoven, Hanno Hu, Chengxi Huang, Junjie Hughes, Andrew Hultström, Michael Hushmandi, Kiavash Hussain, Javid Hussain, M Azhar Ikiroma, Adalia Inok, Arit Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Isola, Gaetano Iyer, Mahalaxmi Jacob, Louis Jahrami, Haitham Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jaka, Sanobar Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jawaid, Talha Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh Jonas, Jost B Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma Kaambwa, Billingsley Kabir, Zubair Kadir, Dler H Hussein Kamath, Rajesh Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kapoor, Neeti Karakasis, Paschalis Karanikolos, Marina Karaye, Ibraheem M Kauppila, Joonas H Kazemian, Sina Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle Khamesipour, Faham Khan, Ajmal Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khormali, Moein Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Majid Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood Khubchandani, Jagdish Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo Koren, Gerbrand Kuddus, Md Abdul Kuitunen, Ilari Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kumar, Rakesh Kunutsor, Setor K Kurmi, Om P Kusuma, Dian Kytö, Ville La Vecchia, Carlo Lai, Hanpeng Lallukka, Tea Lanfranchi, Francesco Langguth, Berthold Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane Larson, Heidi Jane Larsson, Anders O Lee, Munjae Lee, Paul H Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lindholm, Daniel Linehan, Christine Liu, Xuefeng Llanaj, Erand López-Gil, José Francisco Lorkowski, Stefan Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lugo, Alessandra Lunevicius, Raimundas Luo, Lisha M Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim Ma, Zheng Feei Machairas, Nikolaos Machoy, Monika Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Mansour, Ali Manu, Emmanuel Marateb, Hamid Reza Martini, Daniela Martorell, Miquel Marzo, Roy Rillera Mathangasinghe, Yasith Mathur, Medha Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido Maude, Richard James Maugeri, Andrea May, Juergen Mayeli, Mahsa Mazidi, Mohsen McKee, Martin Mechili, Enkeleint A Mehravar, Sepideh Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Mettananda, Sachith Micha, Georgia Michalek, Irmina Maria Miller, Ted R Minervini, Giuseppe Mirijello, Antonio Mocciaro, Gabriele Moghadam Fard, Atousa Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah Mohammed, Shafiu Monasta, Lorenzo Mondello, Stefania Moni, Mohammad Ali Moraga, Paula Morawska, Lidia Mossie, Tilahun Belete Motappa, Rohith Mubarik, Sumaira Muccioli, Lorenzo Mueller, Ulrich Otto Mughal, Faraz Mulita, Francesk Munblit, Daniel Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murray, Christopher J L Naghavi, Mohsen Naghavi, Pirouz Naik, Ganesh R Najdaghi, Soroush Naqvi, Atta Abbas Narimani Davani, Delaram Nascimento, Gustavo G Naser, Abdallah Y Nashwan, Abdulqadir J Nauman, Javaid Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Nejjari, Chakib Nena, Evangelia Netsere, Henok Biresaw Nguyen, Anh Hoang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Nouri, Mehran Nugen, Fred Nurchis, Mario Cesare Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Oancea, Bogdan O'Donnell, Martin James Oduro, Michael Safo Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer Okeke, Sylvester Reuben Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Oliver, Susan Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Ortiz, Alberto Owolabi, Mayowa O P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Palma-Alvarez, Raul Felipe Felipe Panda, Sujogya Kumar Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Panos, Georgios D Panos, Leonidas D Pantazopoulos, Ioannis Pardhan, Shahina Parikh, Romil R Passera, Roberto Patil, Shankargouda Patoulias, Dimitrios Pawar, Shrikant Pensato, Umberto Pereira, Gavin Perico, Norberto Perna, Simone Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily Pham, Hoang Nhat Philip, Anil K Pierannunzio, Daniela Pigeolet, Manon Pisoni, Enrico Poddighe, Dimitri Poluru, Ramesh Postma, Maarten J Pradhan, Jalandhar Pupillo, Elisabetta Puvvula, Jagadeesh Raggi, Alberto Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Raimondo, Diego Raimondo, Ivano Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rana, Rishabh Kumar Rao, Sowmya J Rasella, Davide Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rautalin, Ilari Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Reddy, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Redwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Reifels, Lennart Remuzzi, Giuseppe Rezaeian, Mohsen Ribeiro, Ana Isabel Rijal, Anupa Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Romoli, Michele Ronfani, Luca Root, Kevin T Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Nitai Russo, Michele Saad, Aly M A Sabet, Cameron John Sachdeva Dhingra, Mamta Saeed, Umar Safari, Mehdi Safdarian, Mahdi Saleh, Mohamed A Salem, Mohammed Z Y Salum, Giovanni A Samuel, Vijaya Paul Samy, Abdallah M Saravanan, Aswini Saravi, Babak Sarkar, Chinmoy Saulam, Jennifer Scarmeas, Nikolaos Schaarschmidt, Benedikt Michael Schinckus, Christophe Schlaich, Markus P Schmidt, Jurgen Carlo Schuermans, Art Schumacher, Austin E Schwendicke, Falk Schwinger, Catherine Sepanlou, Sadaf G Shafie, Mahan Shahsavari, Hamid R Shaikh, Masood Ali Shakil, Husain Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse Sharifan, Amin Shavandi, Amin Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shetty, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shigematsu, Mika Shittu, Aminu Shiue, Ivy Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Shrestha, Rajan Shrestha, Roman Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Silva, João Pedro Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Soraia Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Surjit Sipilä, Jussi O T Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna Sokhan, Anton Soraneh, Soroush Soriano, Joan B Soyiri, Ireneous N Spartalis, Michael Steiropoulos, Paschalis Stockfelt, Leo Sun, Jing Sundström, Johan Sunkersing, David Sunnerhagen, Katharina S Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz T Y, Sree Sudha Tabaee Damavandi, Payam Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabche, Celine Tabibi, Ramin Taiba, Jabeen Tanwar, Manoj Tat, Nathan Y Taveira, Nuno Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Thayakaran, Rasiah Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Touvier, Mathilde Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tran, Jasmine T Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Thang Huu Trico, Domenico Tromans, Samuel Joseph Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini Tudor Car, Lorainne Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Ullah, Saeed Unim, Brigid Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Valenti, Mario Van den Eynde, Jef Varga, Orsolya Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Vellingiri, Balachandar Veroux, Massimiliano Vervoort, Dominique Villafañe, Jorge Hugo Violante, Francesco S Vizzielli, Giuseppe Vodden, Alice Vollset, Stein Emil Vos, Theo Wafa, Hatem A Wang, Yanzhong Wassie, Emebet Gashaw Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Westerman, Ronny Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Willeit, Peter Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wolf, Axel Walter Wolfe, Charles D A Wyper, Grant M A Xu, Xiaoyue Yasufuku, Yuichi Yaya, Sanni Yezli, Saber YiÄŸit, Arzu Yon, Dong Keon Yu, Chuanhua Zakham, Fathiah Zanghì, Aurora Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhu, Bin Ziafati, Makan Zielińska, Magdalena Zweck, Elric Zyoud, Sa'ed H Newton, John N
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author
author_facet	Nicholas, Steel Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W Algammal, Abdelazeem M Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H Alsabri, Mohammed A Alshahrani, Najim Z Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A Bettencourt, Paulo J G Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Botero Carvajal, Alejandro Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, Hermann Briggs, Adam D M Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Bugiardini, Raffaele Buonsenso, Danilo Busse, Reinhard Bustanji, Yasser Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap Capodici, Angelo Carreras, Giulia Carugno, Andrea Carvalho, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio Castelpietra, Giulio Catapano, Alberico L Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Cegolon, Luca Cenko, Edina Cerin, Ester Cerrai, Sonia Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chong, Bryan Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Chung, Sheng-Chia Cioffi, Iolanda Conde, Joao Cortese, Samuele Couto, Rosa A S Criqui, Michael H Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dallat, Mary Anne Teresa D'Amico, Emanuele D'Anna, Lucio Darcho, Samuel Demissie Dargan, Paul I Das, Saswati de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro Del Bo', Cristian Demetriades, Andreas K Dervenis, Nikolaos Devleesschauwer, Brecht Dhali, Arkadeep Dhama, Kuldeep Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Michael J Dongarwar, Deepa D'Oria, Mario Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Dowou, Robert Kokou Duraisamy, Senbagam Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian Edvardsson, David Edvardsson, Kristina Eikemo, Terje Andreas Ekholuenetale, Michael Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Arab, Rabie Adel Elgar, Frank J Elhadi, Muhammed Eltaha, Chadi Esposito, Francesco Fabin, Natalia Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fagbule, Omotayo Francis Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar Falzone, Luca Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá Faris, Pawan Sirwan Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo Fazeli, Patrick Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Feng, Xiaoqi Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad Ferrante, Daniela Ferrara, Pietro Ferreira, Nuno Fetensa, Getahun Fischer, Florian Fonzo, Marco Fornari, Arianna Fortuna, Daniela Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia Foschi, Matteo Fox, Sebastian S Freitas, Alberto Fukumoto, Takeshi Gadanya, Muktar A Gallus, Silvano Galluzzo, Lucia Ganesan, Balasankar Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat Gao, Xiang Garcia-Gordillo, MA Gazzelloni, Federica Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Ghadimi, Delaram J Ghailan, Khalid Yaser Ghith, Nermin Gholami, Ehsan Gialluisi, Alessandro Gill, Paramjit Singh Gillam, Tara Giussani, Giorgia Glasbey, James C Glenn, Scott D Göbölös, Laszlo Goldust, Mohamad Golechha, Mahaveer Goleij, Pouya Golinelli, Davide Gorini, Giuseppe Graham, Simon Matthew Griebler, Robert Grover, Ashna Guicciardi, Stefano Gunturu, Sasidhar Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven Habteyohannes, Awoke Derbie Haep, Nils Hai Nam, Nguyen Haller, Sebastian Hamoudi, Rifat Handanagic, Senad Haro, Josep Maria Hasani, Hamidreza Hasnain, Md Saquib Havmoeller, Rasmus J Hay, Simon I Hebert, Jeffrey J Heibati, Behzad Hilderink, Henk B M Hiraike, Yuta Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hostiuc, Sorin Hoven, Hanno Hu, Chengxi Huang, Junjie Hughes, Andrew Hultström, Michael Hushmandi, Kiavash Hussain, Javid Hussain, M Azhar Ikiroma, Adalia Inok, Arit Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Isola, Gaetano Iyer, Mahalaxmi Jacob, Louis Jahrami, Haitham Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jaka, Sanobar Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jawaid, Talha Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh Jonas, Jost B Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma Kaambwa, Billingsley Kabir, Zubair Kadir, Dler H Hussein Kamath, Rajesh Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kapoor, Neeti Karakasis, Paschalis Karanikolos, Marina Karaye, Ibraheem M Kauppila, Joonas H Kazemian, Sina Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle Khamesipour, Faham Khan, Ajmal Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khormali, Moein Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Majid Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood Khubchandani, Jagdish Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo Koren, Gerbrand Kuddus, Md Abdul Kuitunen, Ilari Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kumar, Rakesh Kunutsor, Setor K Kurmi, Om P Kusuma, Dian Kytö, Ville La Vecchia, Carlo Lai, Hanpeng Lallukka, Tea Lanfranchi, Francesco Langguth, Berthold Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane Larson, Heidi Jane Larsson, Anders O Lee, Munjae Lee, Paul H Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lindholm, Daniel Linehan, Christine Liu, Xuefeng Llanaj, Erand López-Gil, José Francisco Lorkowski, Stefan Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lugo, Alessandra Lunevicius, Raimundas Luo, Lisha M Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim Ma, Zheng Feei Machairas, Nikolaos Machoy, Monika Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Mansour, Ali Manu, Emmanuel Marateb, Hamid Reza Martini, Daniela Martorell, Miquel Marzo, Roy Rillera Mathangasinghe, Yasith Mathur, Medha Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido Maude, Richard James Maugeri, Andrea May, Juergen Mayeli, Mahsa Mazidi, Mohsen McKee, Martin Mechili, Enkeleint A Mehravar, Sepideh Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Mettananda, Sachith Micha, Georgia Michalek, Irmina Maria Miller, Ted R Minervini, Giuseppe Mirijello, Antonio Mocciaro, Gabriele Moghadam Fard, Atousa Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah Mohammed, Shafiu Monasta, Lorenzo Mondello, Stefania Moni, Mohammad Ali Moraga, Paula Morawska, Lidia Mossie, Tilahun Belete Motappa, Rohith Mubarik, Sumaira Muccioli, Lorenzo Mueller, Ulrich Otto Mughal, Faraz Mulita, Francesk Munblit, Daniel Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murray, Christopher J L Naghavi, Mohsen Naghavi, Pirouz Naik, Ganesh R Najdaghi, Soroush Naqvi, Atta Abbas Narimani Davani, Delaram Nascimento, Gustavo G Naser, Abdallah Y Nashwan, Abdulqadir J Nauman, Javaid Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Nejjari, Chakib Nena, Evangelia Netsere, Henok Biresaw Nguyen, Anh Hoang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Nouri, Mehran Nugen, Fred Nurchis, Mario Cesare Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Oancea, Bogdan O'Donnell, Martin James Oduro, Michael Safo Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer Okeke, Sylvester Reuben Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Oliver, Susan Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Ortiz, Alberto Owolabi, Mayowa O P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Palma-Alvarez, Raul Felipe Felipe Panda, Sujogya Kumar Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Panos, Georgios D Panos, Leonidas D Pantazopoulos, Ioannis Pardhan, Shahina Parikh, Romil R Passera, Roberto Patil, Shankargouda Patoulias, Dimitrios Pawar, Shrikant Pensato, Umberto Pereira, Gavin Perico, Norberto Perna, Simone Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily Pham, Hoang Nhat Philip, Anil K Pierannunzio, Daniela Pigeolet, Manon Pisoni, Enrico Poddighe, Dimitri Poluru, Ramesh Postma, Maarten J Pradhan, Jalandhar Pupillo, Elisabetta Puvvula, Jagadeesh Raggi, Alberto Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Raimondo, Diego Raimondo, Ivano Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rana, Rishabh Kumar Rao, Sowmya J Rasella, Davide Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rautalin, Ilari Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Reddy, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Redwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Reifels, Lennart Remuzzi, Giuseppe Rezaeian, Mohsen Ribeiro, Ana Isabel Rijal, Anupa Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Romoli, Michele Ronfani, Luca Root, Kevin T Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Nitai Russo, Michele Saad, Aly M A Sabet, Cameron John Sachdeva Dhingra, Mamta Saeed, Umar Safari, Mehdi Safdarian, Mahdi Saleh, Mohamed A Salem, Mohammed Z Y Salum, Giovanni A Samuel, Vijaya Paul Samy, Abdallah M Saravanan, Aswini Saravi, Babak Sarkar, Chinmoy Saulam, Jennifer Scarmeas, Nikolaos Schaarschmidt, Benedikt Michael Schinckus, Christophe Schlaich, Markus P Schmidt, Jurgen Carlo Schuermans, Art Schumacher, Austin E Schwendicke, Falk Schwinger, Catherine Sepanlou, Sadaf G Shafie, Mahan Shahsavari, Hamid R Shaikh, Masood Ali Shakil, Husain Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse Sharifan, Amin Shavandi, Amin Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shetty, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shigematsu, Mika Shittu, Aminu Shiue, Ivy Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Shrestha, Rajan Shrestha, Roman Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Silva, João Pedro Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Soraia Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Surjit Sipilä, Jussi O T Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna Sokhan, Anton Soraneh, Soroush Soriano, Joan B Soyiri, Ireneous N Spartalis, Michael Steiropoulos, Paschalis Stockfelt, Leo Sun, Jing Sundström, Johan Sunkersing, David Sunnerhagen, Katharina S Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz T Y, Sree Sudha Tabaee Damavandi, Payam Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabche, Celine Tabibi, Ramin Taiba, Jabeen Tanwar, Manoj Tat, Nathan Y Taveira, Nuno Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Thayakaran, Rasiah Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Touvier, Mathilde Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tran, Jasmine T Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Thang Huu Trico, Domenico Tromans, Samuel Joseph Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini Tudor Car, Lorainne Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Ullah, Saeed Unim, Brigid Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Valenti, Mario Van den Eynde, Jef Varga, Orsolya Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Vellingiri, Balachandar Veroux, Massimiliano Vervoort, Dominique Villafañe, Jorge Hugo Violante, Francesco S Vizzielli, Giuseppe Vodden, Alice Vollset, Stein Emil Vos, Theo Wafa, Hatem A Wang, Yanzhong Wassie, Emebet Gashaw Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Westerman, Ronny Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Willeit, Peter Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wolf, Axel Walter Wolfe, Charles D A Wyper, Grant M A Xu, Xiaoyue Yasufuku, Yuichi Yaya, Sanni Yezli, Saber YiÄŸit, Arzu Yon, Dong Keon Yu, Chuanhua Zakham, Fathiah Zanghì, Aurora Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhu, Bin Ziafati, Makan Zielińska, Magdalena Zweck, Elric Zyoud, Sa'ed H Newton, John N
author_role	author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Nicholas, Steel Bauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria Mercedes Ford, John A Abbafati, Cristiana Abdalla, Mohammed Altigani Abdelkader, Atef Abdi, Parsa Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola Abolhassani, Hassan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Addo, Isaac Yeboah Addolorato, Giovanni Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Agardh, Emilie E Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahmad, Danish Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Syed Anees Akinosoglou, Karolina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed Aldridge, Robert W Algammal, Abdelazeem M Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alicandro, Gianfranco Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jumaily, Adel Allebeck, Peter Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H Alsabri, Mohammed A Alshahrani, Najim Z Aluh, Deborah Oyine Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Zyoud, Walid A Amiri, Sohrab Anderlini, Deanna Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anil, Abhishek Anvari, Saeid Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw Aquilano, Michele Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Areda, Demelash Aremu, Abdulfatai Armani, Keivan Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Asaduzzaman, Muhammad Astell-Burt, Thomas Aujayeb, Avinash Ausloos, Marcel Azadnajafabad, Sina Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badache, Andreea Corina Badiye, Ashish D Bahramian, Saeed Baig, Atif Amin Baker, Jennifer L Bansal, Hansi Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barrow, Amadou Barteit, Sandra Bashir, Shahid Bashiru, Hameed Akande Basso, João Diogo Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Batra, Kavita Bauckneht, Matteo Baune, Bernhard T Beghi, Massimiliano Beiranvand, Maryam Béjot, Yannick Bell, Michelle L Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Belo, Luis Beloukas, Apostolos Beneke, Alice A Bettencourt, Paulo J G Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhaskar, Sonu Bisulli, Francesca Bjørge, Tone Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan Botero Carvajal, Alejandro Bouaoud, Souad Brayne, Carol Brenner, Hermann Briggs, Adam D M Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Bugiardini, Raffaele Buonsenso, Danilo Busse, Reinhard Bustanji, Yasser Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap Capodici, Angelo Carreras, Giulia Carugno, Andrea Carvalho, Felix Carvalho, Márcia Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio Castelpietra, Giulio Catapano, Alberico L Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Cegolon, Luca Cenko, Edina Cerin, Ester Cerrai, Sonia Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chong, Bryan Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Chung, Sheng-Chia Cioffi, Iolanda Conde, Joao Cortese, Samuele Couto, Rosa A S Criqui, Michael H Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dallat, Mary Anne Teresa D'Amico, Emanuele D'Anna, Lucio Darcho, Samuel Demissie Dargan, Paul I Das, Saswati de la Torre-Luque, Alejandro Del Bo', Cristian Demetriades, Andreas K Dervenis, Nikolaos Devleesschauwer, Brecht Dhali, Arkadeep Dhama, Kuldeep Dianatinasab, Mostafa Diaz, Michael J Dongarwar, Deepa D'Oria, Mario Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Dowou, Robert Kokou Duraisamy, Senbagam Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian Edvardsson, David Edvardsson, Kristina Eikemo, Terje Andreas Ekholuenetale, Michael Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Arab, Rabie Adel Elgar, Frank J Elhadi, Muhammed Eltaha, Chadi Esposito, Francesco Fabin, Natalia Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fagbule, Omotayo Francis Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar Falzone, Luca Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá Faris, Pawan Sirwan Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo Fazeli, Patrick Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Feng, Xiaoqi Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad Ferrante, Daniela Ferrara, Pietro Ferreira, Nuno Fetensa, Getahun Fischer, Florian Fonzo, Marco Fornari, Arianna Fortuna, Daniela Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia Foschi, Matteo Fox, Sebastian S Freitas, Alberto Fukumoto, Takeshi Gadanya, Muktar A Gallus, Silvano Galluzzo, Lucia Ganesan, Balasankar Ganiyani, Mohammad Arfat Gao, Xiang Garcia-Gordillo, MA Gazzelloni, Federica Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Ghadimi, Delaram J Ghailan, Khalid Yaser Ghith, Nermin Gholami, Ehsan Gialluisi, Alessandro Gill, Paramjit Singh Gillam, Tara Giussani, Giorgia Glasbey, James C Glenn, Scott D Göbölös, Laszlo Goldust, Mohamad Golechha, Mahaveer Goleij, Pouya Golinelli, Davide Gorini, Giuseppe Graham, Simon Matthew Griebler, Robert Grover, Ashna Guicciardi, Stefano Gunturu, Sasidhar Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven Habteyohannes, Awoke Derbie Haep, Nils Hai Nam, Nguyen Haller, Sebastian Hamoudi, Rifat Handanagic, Senad Haro, Josep Maria Hasani, Hamidreza Hasnain, Md Saquib Havmoeller, Rasmus J Hay, Simon I Hebert, Jeffrey J Heibati, Behzad Hilderink, Henk B M Hiraike, Yuta Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hostiuc, Sorin Hoven, Hanno Hu, Chengxi Huang, Junjie Hughes, Andrew Hultström, Michael Hushmandi, Kiavash Hussain, Javid Hussain, M Azhar Ikiroma, Adalia Inok, Arit Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Isola, Gaetano Iyer, Mahalaxmi Jacob, Louis Jahrami, Haitham Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jaka, Sanobar Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jawaid, Talha Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh Jonas, Jost B Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma Kaambwa, Billingsley Kabir, Zubair Kadir, Dler H Hussein Kamath, Rajesh Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kapoor, Neeti Karakasis, Paschalis Karanikolos, Marina Karaye, Ibraheem M Kauppila, Joonas H Kazemian, Sina Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle Khamesipour, Faham Khan, Ajmal Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khormali, Moein Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Majid Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood Khubchandani, Jagdish Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kisa, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo Koren, Gerbrand Kuddus, Md Abdul Kuitunen, Ilari Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kumar, Rakesh Kunutsor, Setor K Kurmi, Om P Kusuma, Dian Kytö, Ville La Vecchia, Carlo Lai, Hanpeng Lallukka, Tea Lanfranchi, Francesco Langguth, Berthold Laplante-Lévesque, Ariane Larson, Heidi Jane Larsson, Anders O Lee, Munjae Lee, Paul H Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lindholm, Daniel Linehan, Christine Liu, Xuefeng Llanaj, Erand López-Gil, José Francisco Lorkowski, Stefan Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lugo, Alessandra Lunevicius, Raimundas Luo, Lisha M Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim Ma, Zheng Feei Machairas, Nikolaos Machoy, Monika Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Mansour, Ali Manu, Emmanuel Marateb, Hamid Reza Martini, Daniela Martorell, Miquel Marzo, Roy Rillera Mathangasinghe, Yasith Mathur, Medha Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido Maude, Richard James Maugeri, Andrea May, Juergen Mayeli, Mahsa Mazidi, Mohsen McKee, Martin Mechili, Enkeleint A Mehravar, Sepideh Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A Meretoja, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Mettananda, Sachith Micha, Georgia Michalek, Irmina Maria Miller, Ted R Minervini, Giuseppe Mirijello, Antonio Mocciaro, Gabriele Moghadam Fard, Atousa Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah Mohammed, Shafiu Monasta, Lorenzo Mondello, Stefania Moni, Mohammad Ali Moraga, Paula Morawska, Lidia Mossie, Tilahun Belete Motappa, Rohith Mubarik, Sumaira Muccioli, Lorenzo Mueller, Ulrich Otto Mughal, Faraz Mulita, Francesk Munblit, Daniel Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murray, Christopher J L Naghavi, Mohsen Naghavi, Pirouz Naik, Ganesh R Najdaghi, Soroush Naqvi, Atta Abbas Narimani Davani, Delaram Nascimento, Gustavo G Naser, Abdallah Y Nashwan, Abdulqadir J Nauman, Javaid Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Nejjari, Chakib Nena, Evangelia Netsere, Henok Biresaw Nguyen, Anh Hoang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Nouri, Mehran Nugen, Fred Nurchis, Mario Cesare Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Oancea, Bogdan O'Donnell, Martin James Oduro, Michael Safo Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogunsakin, Ropo Ebenezer Okeke, Sylvester Reuben Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Oliver, Susan Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Ortiz, Alberto Owolabi, Mayowa O P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Palma-Alvarez, Raul Felipe Felipe Panda, Sujogya Kumar Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Panos, Georgios D Panos, Leonidas D Pantazopoulos, Ioannis Pardhan, Shahina Parikh, Romil R Passera, Roberto Patil, Shankargouda Patoulias, Dimitrios Pawar, Shrikant Pensato, Umberto Pereira, Gavin Perico, Norberto Perna, Simone Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily Pham, Hoang Nhat Philip, Anil K Pierannunzio, Daniela Pigeolet, Manon Pisoni, Enrico Poddighe, Dimitri Poluru, Ramesh Postma, Maarten J Pradhan, Jalandhar Pupillo, Elisabetta Puvvula, Jagadeesh Raggi, Alberto Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Raimondo, Diego Raimondo, Ivano Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rana, Rishabh Kumar Rao, Sowmya J Rasella, Davide Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rautalin, Ilari Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Reddy, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Redwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Reifels, Lennart Remuzzi, Giuseppe Rezaeian, Mohsen Ribeiro, Ana Isabel Rijal, Anupa Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Romoli, Michele Ronfani, Luca Root, Kevin T Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Nitai Russo, Michele Saad, Aly M A Sabet, Cameron John Sachdeva Dhingra, Mamta Saeed, Umar Safari, Mehdi Safdarian, Mahdi Saleh, Mohamed A Salem, Mohammed Z Y Salum, Giovanni A Samuel, Vijaya Paul Samy, Abdallah M Saravanan, Aswini Saravi, Babak Sarkar, Chinmoy Saulam, Jennifer Scarmeas, Nikolaos Schaarschmidt, Benedikt Michael Schinckus, Christophe Schlaich, Markus P Schmidt, Jurgen Carlo Schuermans, Art Schumacher, Austin E Schwendicke, Falk Schwinger, Catherine Sepanlou, Sadaf G Shafie, Mahan Shahsavari, Hamid R Shaikh, Masood Ali Shakil, Husain Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse Sharifan, Amin Shavandi, Amin Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shetty, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shigematsu, Mika Shittu, Aminu Shiue, Ivy Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Shrestha, Rajan Shrestha, Roman Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Silva, João Pedro Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva, Soraia Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Surjit Sipilä, Jussi O T Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna Sokhan, Anton Soraneh, Soroush Soriano, Joan B Soyiri, Ireneous N Spartalis, Michael Steiropoulos, Paschalis Stockfelt, Leo Sun, Jing Sundström, Johan Sunkersing, David Sunnerhagen, Katharina S Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz T Y, Sree Sudha Tabaee Damavandi, Payam Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabche, Celine Tabibi, Ramin Taiba, Jabeen Tanwar, Manoj Tat, Nathan Y Taveira, Nuno Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Thayakaran, Rasiah Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Touvier, Mathilde Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tran, Jasmine T Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Thang Huu Trico, Domenico Tromans, Samuel Joseph Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini Tudor Car, Lorainne Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Ullah, Saeed Unim, Brigid Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Valenti, Mario Van den Eynde, Jef Varga, Orsolya Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Vellingiri, Balachandar Veroux, Massimiliano Vervoort, Dominique Villafañe, Jorge Hugo Violante, Francesco S Vizzielli, Giuseppe Vodden, Alice Vollset, Stein Emil Vos, Theo Wafa, Hatem A Wang, Yanzhong Wassie, Emebet Gashaw Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Westerman, Ronny Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Willeit, Peter Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wolf, Axel Walter Wolfe, Charles D A Wyper, Grant M A Xu, Xiaoyue Yasufuku, Yuichi Yaya, Sanni Yezli, Saber YiÄŸit, Arzu Yon, Dong Keon Yu, Chuanhua Zakham, Fathiah Zanghì, Aurora Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhu, Bin Ziafati, Makan Zielińska, Magdalena Zweck, Elric Zyoud, Sa'ed H Newton, John N
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2025-06-15T08:34:11Z 2025-02-18
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X Naqvi, A., & GBD 2021 Europe Life Expectancy Collaborators. (2025). Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990-2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Public Health, 10(3), e172-e188. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246826672500009X http://hdl.handle.net/10576/65536 172-188 3 10 2468-2667
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	en
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Elsevier
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	COVID-19 Europe
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/article
description	BackgroundDecades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsWe used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. FindingsAll countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy across all countries (overall mean –0·18 years [95% UI –0·22 to –0·13]), with all countries having an absolute fall in life expectancy except for Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, which showed marginal improvement in life expectancy, and Belgium, which showed no change in life expectancy. Across countries, the causes of death responsible for the largest improvements in life expectancy from 1990 to 2011 were cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases were the primary driver of reductions in life expectancy improvements during 2011–19, and deaths from respiratory infections and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes were responsible for the decreases in life expectancy during 2019–21. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in 2019 were attributable to high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, tobacco smoke, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, occupational risks, high alcohol use, and other risks including low physical activity. Exposure to these major risk factors differed by country, with trends of increasing exposure to high BMI and decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke observed in all countries during 1990–2021. InterpretationThe countries that best maintained improvements in life expectancy after 2011 (Norway, Iceland, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden) did so through better maintenance of reductions in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, underpinned by decreased exposures to major risks, possibly mitigated by government policies. The continued improvements in life expectancy in five countries during 2019–21 indicate that these countries were better prepared to withstand the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, countries with the greatest slowdown in life expectancy improvements after 2011 went on to have some of the largest decreases in life expectancy in 2019–21. These findings suggest that government policies that improve population health also build resilience to future shocks. Such policies include reducing population exposure to major upstream risks for cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, such as harmful diets and low physical activity, tackling the commercial determinants of poor health, and ensuring access to affordable health services. FundingGates Foundation.
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
format	article
id	qu_19f68b6b7f0586de983ab6813fbd9745
identifier_str_mv	Naqvi, A., & GBD 2021 Europe Life Expectancy Collaborators. (2025). Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990-2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Public Health, 10(3), e172-e188. 172-188 3 10 2468-2667
language_invalid_str_mv	en
network_acronym_str	qu
network_name_str	Qatar University repository
oai_identifier_str	oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/65536
publishDate	2025
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Elsevier
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repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository_id_str
rights_invalid_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
spelling	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021Nicholas, SteelBauer-Staeb, Clarissa Maria MercedesFord, John AAbbafati, CristianaAbdalla, Mohammed AltiganiAbdelkader, AtefAbdi, ParsaAbeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto ArielAbiodun, Olugbenga OlusolaAbolhassani, HassanAbu-Gharbieh, EmanAbukhadijah, Hana JAbu-Zaid, AhmedAddo, Isaac YeboahAddolorato, GiovanniAdekanmbi, VictorAdetunji, Juliana BunmiAdeyeoluwa, Temitayo EstherAgardh, Emilie EAgyemang-Duah, WilliamsAhmad, DanishAhmed, AnisuddinAhmed, AymanAhmed, Syed AneesAkinosoglou, KarolinaAkkaif, Mohammed AhmedAl Awaidy, SalahAl Hasan, Syed MahfuzAl Zaabi, Omar Ali MohammedAldridge, Robert WAlgammal, Abdelazeem MAl-Gheethi, Adel Ali SaeedAli, AbidAli, Mohammed UsmanAli, Syed ShujaitAli, WaadAlicandro, GianfrancoAlif, Sheikh MohammadAl-Jumaily, AdelAllebeck, PeterAlrawashdeh, AhmadAl-Rifai, Rami HAlsabri, Mohammed AAlshahrani, Najim ZAluh, Deborah OyineAl-Wardat, MohammadAl-Zyoud, Walid AAmiri, SohrabAnderlini, DeannaAndrei, Catalina LilianaAnil, AbhishekAnvari, SaeidAnyasodor, Anayochukwu EdwardAppiah, Seth Christopher YawAquilano, MicheleArabloo, JalalArafat, MosabAreda, DemelashAremu, AbdulfataiArmani, KeivanArmocida, BenedettaÄrnlöv, JohanAsaduzzaman, MuhammadAstell-Burt, ThomasAujayeb, AvinashAusloos, MarcelAzadnajafabad, SinaAziz, ShahkaarAzzam, Ahmed YBabu, Giridhara RathnaiahBadache, Andreea CorinaBadiye, Ashish DBahramian, SaeedBaig, Atif AminBaker, Jennifer LBansal, HansiBärnighausen, Till WinfriedBarone, Mark Thomaz UgliaraBarrow, AmadouBarteit, SandraBashir, ShahidBashiru, Hameed AkandeBasso, João DiogoBastan, Mohammad-MahdiBasu, SanjayBatra, KavitaBauckneht, MatteoBaune, Bernhard TBeghi, MassimilianoBeiranvand, MaryamBéjot, YannickBell, Michelle LBello, Olorunjuwon OmolajaBelo, LuisBeloukas, ApostolosBeneke, Alice ABettencourt, Paulo J GBhagavathula, Akshaya SrikanthBhala, NeerajBhaskar, SonuBisulli, 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SudhaTabaee Damavandi, PayamTabarés-Seisdedos, RafaelTabatabaei, Seyyed MohammadTabche, CelineTabibi, RaminTaiba, JabeenTanwar, ManojTat, Nathan YTaveira, NunoTemsah, Mohamad-HaniThayakaran, RasiahTiruye, Tenaw YimerTouvier, MathildeTovani-Palone, Marcos RobertoTran, Jasmine TTran, Ngoc HaTran, Thang HuuTrico, DomenicoTromans, Samuel JosephTsermpini, Evangelia EiriniTudor Car, LorainneTumurkhuu, MunkhtuyaUllah, SaeedUnim, BrigidVaithinathan, Asokan GovindarajValenti, MarioVan den Eynde, JefVarga, OrsolyaVasankari, Tommi JuhaniVellingiri, BalachandarVeroux, MassimilianoVervoort, DominiqueVillafañe, Jorge HugoViolante, Francesco SVizzielli, GiuseppeVodden, AliceVollset, Stein EmilVos, TheoWafa, Hatem AWang, YanzhongWassie, Emebet GashawWeerakoon, Kosala GayanWesterman, RonnyWickramasinghe, Nuwan DarshanaWilleit, PeterWojewodzic, Marcin WWolf, Axel WalterWolfe, Charles D AWyper, Grant M AXu, XiaoyueYasufuku, YuichiYaya, SanniYezli, SaberYiÄŸit, ArzuYon, Dong KeonYu, ChuanhuaZakham, FathiahZanghì, AuroraZastrozhin, MichaelZeariya, Mohammed G MZhang, LiqunZhang, ZhiqiangZhong, Claire ChenwenZhu, BinZiafati, MakanZielińska, MagdalenaZweck, ElricZyoud, Sa'ed HNewton, John NCOVID-19EuropeBackgroundDecades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsWe used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. FindingsAll countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy across all countries (overall mean –0·18 years [95% UI –0·22 to –0·13]), with all countries having an absolute fall in life expectancy except for Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, which showed marginal improvement in life expectancy, and Belgium, which showed no change in life expectancy. Across countries, the causes of death responsible for the largest improvements in life expectancy from 1990 to 2011 were cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases were the primary driver of reductions in life expectancy improvements during 2011–19, and deaths from respiratory infections and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes were responsible for the decreases in life expectancy during 2019–21. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in 2019 were attributable to high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, tobacco smoke, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, occupational risks, high alcohol use, and other risks including low physical activity. Exposure to these major risk factors differed by country, with trends of increasing exposure to high BMI and decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke observed in all countries during 1990–2021. InterpretationThe countries that best maintained improvements in life expectancy after 2011 (Norway, Iceland, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden) did so through better maintenance of reductions in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, underpinned by decreased exposures to major risks, possibly mitigated by government policies. The continued improvements in life expectancy in five countries during 2019–21 indicate that these countries were better prepared to withstand the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, countries with the greatest slowdown in life expectancy improvements after 2011 went on to have some of the largest decreases in life expectancy in 2019–21. These findings suggest that government policies that improve population health also build resilience to future shocks. Such policies include reducing population exposure to major upstream risks for cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, such as harmful diets and low physical activity, tackling the commercial determinants of poor health, and ensuring access to affordable health services. FundingGates Foundation.The research reported in this publication was funded by the Gates Foundation.Elsevier2025-06-15T08:34:11Z2025-02-18Articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-XNaqvi, A., & GBD 2021 Europe Life Expectancy Collaborators. (2025). Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990-2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet Public Health, 10(3), e172-e188.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246826672500009Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/10576/65536172-1883102468-2667enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/655362025-06-15T19:07:11Z
spellingShingle	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Nicholas, Steel COVID-19 Europe
status_str	publishedVersion
title	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_fullStr	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full_unstemmed	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_short	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_sort	Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
topic	COVID-19 Europe
url	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246826672500009X http://hdl.handle.net/10576/65536

Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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