Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDiarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children ol...

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التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي:	Hmwe Hmwe, Kyu (author)
مؤلفون آخرون:	Vongpradith, Avina (author), Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva (author), Ma, Jianing (author), Albertson, Samuel B (author), Novotney, Amanda (author), Khalil, Ibrahim A (author), Troeger, Christopher E (author), Doxey, Matthew C (author), Ledesma, Jorge R (author), Sirota, Sarah Brooke (author), Bender, Rose Grace (author), Swetschinski, Lucien R (author), Cunningham, Matthew (author), Spearman, Sandra (author), Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis (author), Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A (author), Abd ElHafeez, Samar (author), Abdoun, Meriem (author), Abera, Bayeh (author), Abidi, Hassan (author), Aboagye, Richard Gyan (author), Abtew, Yonas Derso (author), Abualruz, Hasan (author), Abu-Gharbieh, Eman (author), Abukhadijah, Hana J (author), Aburuz, Salahdein (author), Addo, Isaac Yeboah (author), Adekanmbi, Victor (author), Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun (author), Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther (author), Adhikary, Ripon Kumar (author), Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah (author), Adra, Saryia (author), Adzigbli, Leticia Akua (author), Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika (author), Afzal, Muhammad Sohail (author), Afzal, Saira (author), Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika (author), Agide, Feleke Doyore (author), Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku (author), Ahmad, Aqeel (author), Ahmad, Sajjad (author), Ahmed, Ali (author), Ahmed, Ayman (author), Ahmed, Haroon (author), Ahmed, Saeed (author), Akinosoglou, Karolina (author), Akter, Ema (author), Al Awaidy, Salah (author), Alajlani, Muaaz M (author), Alam, Khurshid (author), Albakri, Almaza (author), Albashtawy, Mohammed (author), Aldhaleei, Wafa A (author), Algammal, Abdelazeem M (author), Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed (author), Ali, Abid (author), Ali, Syed Shujait (author), Ali, Waad (author), Alif, Sheikh Mohammad (author), Aljunid, Syed Mohamed (author), Al-Marwani, Sabah (author), Almazan, Joseph Uy (author), Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M (author), Almustanyir, Sami (author), Alqahatni, Saleh A (author), Alrawashdeh, Ahmad (author), Al-Rifai, Rami H (author), Alsabri, Mohammed A (author), Altaf, Awais (author), Altirkawi, Khalid A (author), Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (author), Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J (author), Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim (author), Al-Zyoud, Walid A (author), Amugsi, Dickson A (author), Andrei, Catalina Liliana (author), Antoni, Sebastien (author), Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen (author), Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola (author), Anwar, Saleha (author), Anwari, Palwasha (author), Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace (author), Arabloo, Jalal (author), Arafat, Mosab (author), Aravkin, Aleksandr Y (author), Areda, Demelash (author), Aregawi, Brhane Berhe (author), Aremu, Abdulfatai (author), Arndt, Michael Benjamin (author), Asgedom, Akeza Awealom (author), Ashraf, Tahira (author), Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin (author), Atreya, Alok (author), Ayele, Firayad (author), Azadi, Davood (author), Azhar, Gulrez Shah (author), Aziz, Shahkaar (author), Azzam, Ahmed Y. (author), Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah (author), Bahrami Taghanaki, Pegah (author), Bahramian, Saeed (author), Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar (author), Banik, Biswajit (author), Bante, Simachew Animen (author), Bardhan, Mainak (author), Bärnighausen, Till Winfried (author), Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat (author), Barrow, Amadou (author), Basharat, Zarrin (author), Bassat, Quique (author), Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi (author), Basu, Saurav (author), Bathini, Prapthi Persis (author), Behzadi, Payam (author), Beiranvand, Maryam (author), Bello, Muhammad Bashir (author), Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja (author), Beloukas, Apostolos (author), Beran, Azizullah (author), Bhandari, Dinesh (author), Bhardwaj, Pankaj (author), Bhutta, Zulfiqar A (author), Borhany, Hamed (author), Bouaoud, Souad (author), Brauer, Michael (author), Buonsenso, Danilo (author), Butt, Zahid A (author), Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap (author), Cámera, Luis Alberto (author), Capodici, Angelo (author), Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A (author), Cenderadewi, Muthia (author), Chakraborty, Chiranjib (author), Chakraborty, Sandip (author), Chattu, Vijay Kumar (author), Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad (author), Chichagi, Fatemeh (author), Ching, Patrick R (author), Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo (author), Chopra, Hitesh (author), Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan (author), Chowdhury, Enayet Karim (author), Chu, Dinh-Toi (author), Chukwu, Isaac Sunday (author), Chutiyami, Muhammad (author), Cruz-Martins, Natalia (author), Dadras, Omid (author), Dai, Xiaochen (author), Dandona, Lalit (author), Dandona, Rakhi (author), Darcho, Samuel Demissie (author), Das, Jai K (author), Dash, Nihar Ranjan (author), Delgado-Enciso, Ivan (author), Desye, Belay (author), Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan (author), Dhama, Kuldeep (author), Dhimal, Meghnath (author), Diaz, Michael J (author), Do, Thanh Chi (author), Dohare, Sushil (author), Dorostkar, Fariba (author), Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai (author), Doshmangir, Leila (author), Dsouza, Haneil Larson (author), Duraisamy, Senbagam (author), Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher (author), E'mar, Abdel Rahman (author), Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz (author), Edinur, Hisham Atan (author), Efendi, Defi (author), Efendi, Ferry (author), Eghbali, Foolad (author), Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus (author), El Sayed, Iman (author), Elhadi, Muhammed (author), El-Metwally, Ashraf A (author), Elshaer, Mohammed (author), Elsohaby, Ibrahim (author), Eltaha, Chadi (author), Eshrati, Babak (author), Eslami, Majid (author), Fahim, Ayesha (author), Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich (author), Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar (author), Farahmand, Mohammad (author), Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo (author), Fasina, Modupe Margaret (author), Feizkhah, Alireza (author), Fekadu, Ginenus (author), Ferreira, Nuno (author), Fetensa, Getahun (author), Fischer, Florian (author), Fukumoto, Takeshi (author), Fux, Blima (author), Gadanya, Muktar A (author), Gaihre, Santosh (author), Gajdács, Márió (author), Galali, Yaseen (author), Gandhi, Aravind P (author), Gautam, Rupesh K (author), Gebregergis, Miglas Welay (author), Gebrehiwot, Mesfin (author), Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru (author), Getachew, Motuma Erena (author), Getahun, Genanew K (author), Getie, Molla (author), Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh (author), Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed (author), Ghozy, Sherief (author), Gil, Artyom Urievich (author), Girmay, Alem Abera (author), Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T (author), Golechha, Mahaveer (author), Goleij, Pouya (author), Gona, Philimon N (author), Grada, Ayman (author), Guarducci, Giovanni (author), Gudeta, Mesay Dechasa (author), Gupta, Vivek Kumar (author), Habteyohannes, Awoke Derbie (author), Hadi, Najah R (author), Hamidi, Samer (author), Hamilton, Erin B (author), Harapan, Harapan (author), Hasan, Md. 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التنسيق:	article
منشور في:	2024
الموضوعات:	Global regional national age-sex-specific burden diarrhoeal diseases risk factors aetiologies
الوصول للمادة أونلاين:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00691-1 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309924006911 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/62113
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_version_	1857415086019182592
author	Hmwe Hmwe, Kyu
author2	Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A Troeger, Christopher E Doxey, Matthew C Ledesma, Jorge R Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A Algammal, Abdelazeem M Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H Alsabri, Mohammed A Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A Amugsi, Dickson A Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwar, Saleha Anwari, Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Bahrami Taghanaki, Pegah Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Banik, Biswajit Bante, Simachew Animen Bardhan, Mainak Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Barrow, Amadou Basharat, Zarrin Bassat, Quique Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Saurav Bathini, Prapthi Persis Behzadi, Payam Beiranvand, Maryam Bello, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Beloukas, Apostolos Beran, Azizullah Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhutta, Zulfiqar A Borhany, Hamed Bouaoud, Souad Brauer, Michael Buonsenso, Danilo Butt, Zahid A Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap Cámera, Luis Alberto Capodici, Angelo Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A Cenderadewi, Muthia Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chichagi, Fatemeh Ching, Patrick R Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo Chopra, Hitesh Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chowdhury, Enayet Karim Chu, Dinh-Toi Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Chutiyami, Muhammad Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Darcho, Samuel Demissie Das, Jai K Dash, Nihar Ranjan Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Desye, Belay Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Dhama, Kuldeep Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Michael J Do, Thanh Chi Dohare, Sushil Dorostkar, Fariba Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshmangir, Leila Dsouza, Haneil Larson Duraisamy, Senbagam Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher E'mar, Abdel Rahman Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz Edinur, Hisham Atan Efendi, Defi Efendi, Ferry Eghbali, Foolad Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Sayed, Iman Elhadi, Muhammed El-Metwally, Ashraf A Elshaer, Mohammed Elsohaby, Ibrahim Eltaha, Chadi Eshrati, Babak Eslami, Majid Fahim, Ayesha Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar Farahmand, Mohammad Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Ferreira, Nuno Fetensa, Getahun Fischer, Florian Fukumoto, Takeshi Fux, Blima Gadanya, Muktar A Gaihre, Santosh Gajdács, Márió Galali, Yaseen Gandhi, Aravind P Gautam, Rupesh K Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Getachew, Motuma Erena Getahun, Genanew K Getie, Molla Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Ghozy, Sherief Gil, Artyom Urievich Girmay, Alem Abera Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T Golechha, Mahaveer Goleij, Pouya Gona, Philimon N Grada, Ayman Guarducci, Giovanni Gudeta, Mesay Dechasa Gupta, Vivek Kumar Habteyohannes, Awoke Derbie Hadi, Najah R Hamidi, Samer Hamilton, Erin B Harapan, Harapan Hasan, Md. Kamrul Hasan, S.M. Mahmudul Hasani, Hamidreza Hasnain, Md Saquib Hassan, Ikrama Ibrahim He, Jiawei Hemmati, Mehdi Hezam, Kamal Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Huang, Junjie Huynh, Hong-Han Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel Ikuta, Kevin S Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Inamdar, Sumant Isa, Mustafa Alhaji Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Iwu, Chidozie Declan Jacobsen, Kathryn H Jahrami, Haitham Jain, Akhil Jain, Nityanand Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza Javidnia, Javad Jayaram, Shubha Jokar, Mohammad Jonas, Jost B Joseph, Abel Joseph, Nitin Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kabir, Hannaneh Kadir, Dler H. Hussein Kamal, Md Moustafa Kamal, Vineet Kumar Kamireddy, Arun Kanchan, Tanuj Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kannan S, Suthanthira Kantar, Rami S Karami, Jafar Karki, Prabin Kasraei, Hengameh Kaur, Harkiran Keykhaei, Mohammad Khader, Yousef Saleh Khalilian, Alireza Khamesipour, Faham Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Zeeshan Ali Khanal, Vishnu Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khater, Amir M Kheirallah, Khalid A Khidri, Feriha Fatima Khosla, Atulya Aman Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kisa, Adnan Kissoon, Niranjan Klu, Desmond Kochhar, Sonali Kolahi, Ali-Asghar Kompani, Farzad Kosen, Soewarta Krishan, Kewal Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuddus, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Rakesh Kyei-Arthur, Frank Lahariya, Chandrakant Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Li, Ming-Chieh Ligade, Virendra S Liu, Gang Liu, Shuke Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Lo, Chun-Han Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lv, Lei Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Marasini, Bishnu P Martorell, Miquel Marzo, Roy Rillera Masoumi-Asl, Hossein Mathur, Medha Mathur, Navgeet Mediratta, Rishi P Meftah, Elahe Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Melese, Endalkachew Belayneh Mendoza, Walter Merati, Mohsen Meretoja, Tuomo J Mestrovic, Tomislav Mettananda, Sachith Minh, Le Huu Nhat Mishra, Vinaytosh Mithra, Prasanna Mohamadkhani, Ashraf Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Mouhand F H Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Monasta, Lorenzo Moni, Mohammad Ali Motappa, Rohith Mougin, Vincent Mubarik, Sumaira Mulita, Francesk Munjal, Kavita Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Naghavi, Pirouz Naik, Gurudatta Nair, Tapas Sadasivan Najmuldeen, Hastyar Hama Rashid Nargus, Shumaila Narimani Davani, Delaram Nashwan, Abdulqadir J Natto, Zuhair S Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Nchanji, G Takop Ndishimye, Pacifique Ngunjiri, Josephine W Nguyen, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Van Thanh Nigatu, Yeshambel T Nikoobar, Ali Niranjan, Vikram Nnaji, Chukwudi A Noman, Efaq Ali Noor, Nurulamin M Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Nouri, Mehran Nozari, Majid Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi Nugen, Fred Odetokun, Ismail A Ogunfowokan, Adesola Adenike Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R Okeke, Iruka N Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Oluwatunase, Gideon Olamilekan Orish, Verner N Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V Ortiz-Prado, Esteban Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi Osuolale, Olayinka Ouyahia, Amel Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Pandey, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pando-Robles, Victoria Pardhan, Shahina Parikh, Romil R Patel, Jay Patil, Shankargouda Pawar, Shrikant Peprah, Prince Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Perna, Simone Petcu, Ionela-Roxana Philip, Anil K Polibin, Roman V Postma, Maarten J Pourtaheri, Naeimeh Pradhan, Jalandhar Prates, Elton Junio Sady Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga Qasim, Nameer Hashim Qazi, Asma Saleem R, Deepthi Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Rahim, Fakher Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahmani, Shayan Rahmanian, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rameto, Muhammed Ahmed Ahmed Ramteke, Pramod W Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rasella, Davide Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan Rathish, Devarajan Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Regmi, Aavishkar Raj Rengasamy, Kannan RR Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaeian, Mohsen Riad, Abanoub Rodrigues, Monica Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Roever, Leonardo Rohilla, Ravi Ronfani, Luca Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan Ross, Allen Guy Roudashti, Shekoufeh Roy, Bedanta Runghien, Tilleye Sachdeva Dhingra, Mamta Saddik, Basema Ahmad Sadeghi, Erfan Safari, Mehdi Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sajadi, S. Mohammad Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa Saleh, Mohamed A Samadi Kafil, Hossein Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo Sanabria, Juan Sanjeev, Rama Krishna Sarkar, Tanmay Sartorius, Benn Sathian, Brijesh Satpathy, Maheswar Sawhney, Monika Schumacher, Austin E Sebsibe, Mengistu Abayneh Serban, Dragos Shafie, Mahan Shahid, Samiah Shahid, Wajeehah Shaikh, Masood Ali Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran Shamshirgaran, Mohammad Ali Shanawaz, Mohd Shannawaz, Mohammed Sharifan, Amin Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Vishal Shenoy, Suchitra M Sherchan, Samendra P Shetty, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shiferaw, Desalegn Shittu, Aminu Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Singh, Baljinder Singh, Jasvinder A Sinto, Robert Socea, Bogdan Soeters, Heidi M Sokhan, Anton Sood, Prashant Soraneh, Soroush Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T Srinivasamurthy, Suresh Kumar Srivastava, Vijay Kumar Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon Subedi, Narayan Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan Sulaiman, Sahabi K Suleman, Muhammad Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz T Y, Sree Sudha Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabche, Celine Taha, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Talukder, Ashis Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze Tan, Ker-Kan Tandukar, Sarmila Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Thakali, Ocean Thakur, Ramna Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish Thomas, Joe Thomas, Nikhil Kenny Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera Tiwari, Krishna Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tram, Khai Hoan Tran, An Thien Tran, Nghia Minh Tran, Thang Huu Tromans, Samuel Joseph Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Udoakang, Aniefiok John Udoh, Arit Ullah, Saeed Umair, Muhammad Umar, Muhammad Unim, Brigid Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran Vahdati, Sanaz Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Valizadeh, Rohollah Verma, Madhur Verras, Georgios-Ioannis Vinayak, Manish Waheed, Yasir Walde, Mandaras Tariku Wang, Yanzhong Waqas, Muhammad Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wolde, Asrat Arja Wu, Felicia Yaghoubi, Sajad Yaya, Sanni Yezli, Saber Yiğit, Vahit Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yusuf, Hadiza Zahid, Mondal Hasan Zakham, Fathiah Zaki, Leila Zare, Iman Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhumagaliuly, Abzal Zia, Hafsa Zoladl, Mohammad Mokdad, Ali H Lim, Stephen S Vos, Theo Platts-Mills, James A Mosser, Jonathan F Reiner, Robert C Hay, Simon I Naghavi, Mohsen Murray, Christopher J L
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author
author_facet	Hmwe Hmwe, Kyu Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A Troeger, Christopher E Doxey, Matthew C Ledesma, Jorge R Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A Algammal, Abdelazeem M Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H Alsabri, Mohammed A Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A Amugsi, Dickson A Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwar, Saleha Anwari, Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Bahrami Taghanaki, Pegah Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Banik, Biswajit Bante, Simachew Animen Bardhan, Mainak Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Barrow, Amadou Basharat, Zarrin Bassat, Quique Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Saurav Bathini, Prapthi Persis Behzadi, Payam Beiranvand, Maryam Bello, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Beloukas, Apostolos Beran, Azizullah Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhutta, Zulfiqar A Borhany, Hamed Bouaoud, Souad Brauer, Michael Buonsenso, Danilo Butt, Zahid A Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap Cámera, Luis Alberto Capodici, Angelo Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A Cenderadewi, Muthia Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chichagi, Fatemeh Ching, Patrick R Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo Chopra, Hitesh Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chowdhury, Enayet Karim Chu, Dinh-Toi Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Chutiyami, Muhammad Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Darcho, Samuel Demissie Das, Jai K Dash, Nihar Ranjan Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Desye, Belay Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Dhama, Kuldeep Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Michael J Do, Thanh Chi Dohare, Sushil Dorostkar, Fariba Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshmangir, Leila Dsouza, Haneil Larson Duraisamy, Senbagam Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher E'mar, Abdel Rahman Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz Edinur, Hisham Atan Efendi, Defi Efendi, Ferry Eghbali, Foolad Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Sayed, Iman Elhadi, Muhammed El-Metwally, Ashraf A Elshaer, Mohammed Elsohaby, Ibrahim Eltaha, Chadi Eshrati, Babak Eslami, Majid Fahim, Ayesha Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar Farahmand, Mohammad Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Ferreira, Nuno Fetensa, Getahun Fischer, Florian Fukumoto, Takeshi Fux, Blima Gadanya, Muktar A Gaihre, Santosh Gajdács, Márió Galali, Yaseen Gandhi, Aravind P Gautam, Rupesh K Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Getachew, Motuma Erena Getahun, Genanew K Getie, Molla Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Ghozy, Sherief Gil, Artyom Urievich Girmay, Alem Abera Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T Golechha, Mahaveer Goleij, Pouya Gona, Philimon N Grada, Ayman Guarducci, Giovanni Gudeta, Mesay Dechasa Gupta, Vivek Kumar Habteyohannes, Awoke Derbie Hadi, Najah R Hamidi, Samer Hamilton, Erin B Harapan, Harapan Hasan, Md. Kamrul Hasan, S.M. Mahmudul Hasani, Hamidreza Hasnain, Md Saquib Hassan, Ikrama Ibrahim He, Jiawei Hemmati, Mehdi Hezam, Kamal Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Huang, Junjie Huynh, Hong-Han Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel Ikuta, Kevin S Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Inamdar, Sumant Isa, Mustafa Alhaji Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Iwu, Chidozie Declan Jacobsen, Kathryn H Jahrami, Haitham Jain, Akhil Jain, Nityanand Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza Javidnia, Javad Jayaram, Shubha Jokar, Mohammad Jonas, Jost B Joseph, Abel Joseph, Nitin Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kabir, Hannaneh Kadir, Dler H. Hussein Kamal, Md Moustafa Kamal, Vineet Kumar Kamireddy, Arun Kanchan, Tanuj Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kannan S, Suthanthira Kantar, Rami S Karami, Jafar Karki, Prabin Kasraei, Hengameh Kaur, Harkiran Keykhaei, Mohammad Khader, Yousef Saleh Khalilian, Alireza Khamesipour, Faham Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Zeeshan Ali Khanal, Vishnu Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khater, Amir M Kheirallah, Khalid A Khidri, Feriha Fatima Khosla, Atulya Aman Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kisa, Adnan Kissoon, Niranjan Klu, Desmond Kochhar, Sonali Kolahi, Ali-Asghar Kompani, Farzad Kosen, Soewarta Krishan, Kewal Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuddus, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Rakesh Kyei-Arthur, Frank Lahariya, Chandrakant Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Li, Ming-Chieh Ligade, Virendra S Liu, Gang Liu, Shuke Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Lo, Chun-Han Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lv, Lei Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Marasini, Bishnu P Martorell, Miquel Marzo, Roy Rillera Masoumi-Asl, Hossein Mathur, Medha Mathur, Navgeet Mediratta, Rishi P Meftah, Elahe Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Melese, Endalkachew Belayneh Mendoza, Walter Merati, Mohsen Meretoja, Tuomo J Mestrovic, Tomislav Mettananda, Sachith Minh, Le Huu Nhat Mishra, Vinaytosh Mithra, Prasanna Mohamadkhani, Ashraf Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Mouhand F H Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Monasta, Lorenzo Moni, Mohammad Ali Motappa, Rohith Mougin, Vincent Mubarik, Sumaira Mulita, Francesk Munjal, Kavita Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Naghavi, Pirouz Naik, Gurudatta Nair, Tapas Sadasivan Najmuldeen, Hastyar Hama Rashid Nargus, Shumaila Narimani Davani, Delaram Nashwan, Abdulqadir J Natto, Zuhair S Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Nchanji, G Takop Ndishimye, Pacifique Ngunjiri, Josephine W Nguyen, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Van Thanh Nigatu, Yeshambel T Nikoobar, Ali Niranjan, Vikram Nnaji, Chukwudi A Noman, Efaq Ali Noor, Nurulamin M Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Nouri, Mehran Nozari, Majid Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi Nugen, Fred Odetokun, Ismail A Ogunfowokan, Adesola Adenike Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R Okeke, Iruka N Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Oluwatunase, Gideon Olamilekan Orish, Verner N Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V Ortiz-Prado, Esteban Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi Osuolale, Olayinka Ouyahia, Amel Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Pandey, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pando-Robles, Victoria Pardhan, Shahina Parikh, Romil R Patel, Jay Patil, Shankargouda Pawar, Shrikant Peprah, Prince Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Perna, Simone Petcu, Ionela-Roxana Philip, Anil K Polibin, Roman V Postma, Maarten J Pourtaheri, Naeimeh Pradhan, Jalandhar Prates, Elton Junio Sady Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga Qasim, Nameer Hashim Qazi, Asma Saleem R, Deepthi Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Rahim, Fakher Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahmani, Shayan Rahmanian, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rameto, Muhammed Ahmed Ahmed Ramteke, Pramod W Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rasella, Davide Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan Rathish, Devarajan Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Regmi, Aavishkar Raj Rengasamy, Kannan RR Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaeian, Mohsen Riad, Abanoub Rodrigues, Monica Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Roever, Leonardo Rohilla, Ravi Ronfani, Luca Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan Ross, Allen Guy Roudashti, Shekoufeh Roy, Bedanta Runghien, Tilleye Sachdeva Dhingra, Mamta Saddik, Basema Ahmad Sadeghi, Erfan Safari, Mehdi Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sajadi, S. Mohammad Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa Saleh, Mohamed A Samadi Kafil, Hossein Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo Sanabria, Juan Sanjeev, Rama Krishna Sarkar, Tanmay Sartorius, Benn Sathian, Brijesh Satpathy, Maheswar Sawhney, Monika Schumacher, Austin E Sebsibe, Mengistu Abayneh Serban, Dragos Shafie, Mahan Shahid, Samiah Shahid, Wajeehah Shaikh, Masood Ali Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran Shamshirgaran, Mohammad Ali Shanawaz, Mohd Shannawaz, Mohammed Sharifan, Amin Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Vishal Shenoy, Suchitra M Sherchan, Samendra P Shetty, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shiferaw, Desalegn Shittu, Aminu Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Singh, Baljinder Singh, Jasvinder A Sinto, Robert Socea, Bogdan Soeters, Heidi M Sokhan, Anton Sood, Prashant Soraneh, Soroush Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T Srinivasamurthy, Suresh Kumar Srivastava, Vijay Kumar Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon Subedi, Narayan Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan Sulaiman, Sahabi K Suleman, Muhammad Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz T Y, Sree Sudha Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabche, Celine Taha, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Talukder, Ashis Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze Tan, Ker-Kan Tandukar, Sarmila Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Thakali, Ocean Thakur, Ramna Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish Thomas, Joe Thomas, Nikhil Kenny Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera Tiwari, Krishna Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tram, Khai Hoan Tran, An Thien Tran, Nghia Minh Tran, Thang Huu Tromans, Samuel Joseph Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Udoakang, Aniefiok John Udoh, Arit Ullah, Saeed Umair, Muhammad Umar, Muhammad Unim, Brigid Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran Vahdati, Sanaz Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Valizadeh, Rohollah Verma, Madhur Verras, Georgios-Ioannis Vinayak, Manish Waheed, Yasir Walde, Mandaras Tariku Wang, Yanzhong Waqas, Muhammad Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wolde, Asrat Arja Wu, Felicia Yaghoubi, Sajad Yaya, Sanni Yezli, Saber Yiğit, Vahit Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yusuf, Hadiza Zahid, Mondal Hasan Zakham, Fathiah Zaki, Leila Zare, Iman Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhumagaliuly, Abzal Zia, Hafsa Zoladl, Mohammad Mokdad, Ali H Lim, Stephen S Vos, Theo Platts-Mills, James A Mosser, Jonathan F Reiner, Robert C Hay, Simon I Naghavi, Mohsen Murray, Christopher J L
author_role	author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Hmwe Hmwe, Kyu Vongpradith, Avina Dominguez, Regina-Mae Villanueva Ma, Jianing Albertson, Samuel B Novotney, Amanda Khalil, Ibrahim A Troeger, Christopher E Doxey, Matthew C Ledesma, Jorge R Sirota, Sarah Brooke Bender, Rose Grace Swetschinski, Lucien R Cunningham, Matthew Spearman, Sandra Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdoun, Meriem Abera, Bayeh Abidi, Hassan Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abtew, Yonas Derso Abualruz, Hasan Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Aburuz, Salahdein Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adekanmbi, Victor Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun Oluwaseun Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adhikary, Ripon Kumar Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adra, Saryia Adzigbli, Leticia Akua Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ali Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Saeed Akinosoglou, Karolina Akter, Ema Al Awaidy, Salah Alajlani, Muaaz M Alam, Khurshid Albakri, Almaza Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A Algammal, Abdelazeem M Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Al-Marwani, Sabah Almazan, Joseph Uy Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M Almustanyir, Sami Alqahatni, Saleh A Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Al-Rifai, Rami H Alsabri, Mohammed A Altaf, Awais Altirkawi, Khalid A Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J Alyahya, Mohammad Sharif Ibrahim Al-Zyoud, Walid A Amugsi, Dickson A Andrei, Catalina Liliana Antoni, Sebastien Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anwar, Saleha Anwari, Palwasha Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Abdulfatai Arndt, Michael Benjamin Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atreya, Alok Ayele, Firayad Azadi, Davood Azhar, Gulrez Shah Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Bahrami Taghanaki, Pegah Bahramian, Saeed Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Banik, Biswajit Bante, Simachew Animen Bardhan, Mainak Bärnighausen, Till Winfried Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Barrow, Amadou Basharat, Zarrin Bassat, Quique Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Saurav Bathini, Prapthi Persis Behzadi, Payam Beiranvand, Maryam Bello, Muhammad Bashir Bello, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Beloukas, Apostolos Beran, Azizullah Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhutta, Zulfiqar A Borhany, Hamed Bouaoud, Souad Brauer, Michael Buonsenso, Danilo Butt, Zahid A Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap Cámera, Luis Alberto Capodici, Angelo Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A Cenderadewi, Muthia Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chichagi, Fatemeh Ching, Patrick R Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo Chopra, Hitesh Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chowdhury, Enayet Karim Chu, Dinh-Toi Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Chutiyami, Muhammad Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Darcho, Samuel Demissie Das, Jai K Dash, Nihar Ranjan Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Desye, Belay Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Dhama, Kuldeep Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Michael J Do, Thanh Chi Dohare, Sushil Dorostkar, Fariba Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshmangir, Leila Dsouza, Haneil Larson Duraisamy, Senbagam Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher E'mar, Abdel Rahman Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz Edinur, Hisham Atan Efendi, Defi Efendi, Ferry Eghbali, Foolad Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Sayed, Iman Elhadi, Muhammed El-Metwally, Ashraf A Elshaer, Mohammed Elsohaby, Ibrahim Eltaha, Chadi Eshrati, Babak Eslami, Majid Fahim, Ayesha Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhri-Demeshghieh, Aliasghar Farahmand, Mohammad Fasina, Folorunso Oludayo Fasina, Modupe Margaret Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Ferreira, Nuno Fetensa, Getahun Fischer, Florian Fukumoto, Takeshi Fux, Blima Gadanya, Muktar A Gaihre, Santosh Gajdács, Márió Galali, Yaseen Gandhi, Aravind P Gautam, Rupesh K Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Getachew, Motuma Erena Getahun, Genanew K Getie, Molla Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Ghozy, Sherief Gil, Artyom Urievich Girmay, Alem Abera Gizaw, Abraham Tamirat T Golechha, Mahaveer Goleij, Pouya Gona, Philimon N Grada, Ayman Guarducci, Giovanni Gudeta, Mesay Dechasa Gupta, Vivek Kumar Habteyohannes, Awoke Derbie Hadi, Najah R Hamidi, Samer Hamilton, Erin B Harapan, Harapan Hasan, Md. Kamrul Hasan, S.M. Mahmudul Hasani, Hamidreza Hasnain, Md Saquib Hassan, Ikrama Ibrahim He, Jiawei Hemmati, Mehdi Hezam, Kamal Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Huang, Junjie Huynh, Hong-Han Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel Ikuta, Kevin S Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Inamdar, Sumant Isa, Mustafa Alhaji Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Iwu, Chidozie Declan Jacobsen, Kathryn H Jahrami, Haitham Jain, Akhil Jain, Nityanand Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza Javidnia, Javad Jayaram, Shubha Jokar, Mohammad Jonas, Jost B Joseph, Abel Joseph, Nitin Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Kabir, Hannaneh Kadir, Dler H. Hussein Kamal, Md Moustafa Kamal, Vineet Kumar Kamireddy, Arun Kanchan, Tanuj Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kannan S, Suthanthira Kantar, Rami S Karami, Jafar Karki, Prabin Kasraei, Hengameh Kaur, Harkiran Keykhaei, Mohammad Khader, Yousef Saleh Khalilian, Alireza Khamesipour, Faham Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Zeeshan Ali Khanal, Vishnu Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khater, Amir M Kheirallah, Khalid A Khidri, Feriha Fatima Khosla, Atulya Aman Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kisa, Adnan Kissoon, Niranjan Klu, Desmond Kochhar, Sonali Kolahi, Ali-Asghar Kompani, Farzad Kosen, Soewarta Krishan, Kewal Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuddus, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Rakesh Kyei-Arthur, Frank Lahariya, Chandrakant Lal, Dharmesh Kumar Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Li, Ming-Chieh Ligade, Virendra S Liu, Gang Liu, Shuke Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Lo, Chun-Han Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lv, Lei Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Marasini, Bishnu P Martorell, Miquel Marzo, Roy Rillera Masoumi-Asl, Hossein Mathur, Medha Mathur, Navgeet Mediratta, Rishi P Meftah, Elahe Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Melese, Endalkachew Belayneh Mendoza, Walter Merati, Mohsen Meretoja, Tuomo J Mestrovic, Tomislav Mettananda, Sachith Minh, Le Huu Nhat Mishra, Vinaytosh Mithra, Prasanna Mohamadkhani, Ashraf Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Mouhand F H Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Monasta, Lorenzo Moni, Mohammad Ali Motappa, Rohith Mougin, Vincent Mubarik, Sumaira Mulita, Francesk Munjal, Kavita Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Naghavi, Pirouz Naik, Gurudatta Nair, Tapas Sadasivan Najmuldeen, Hastyar Hama Rashid Nargus, Shumaila Narimani Davani, Delaram Nashwan, Abdulqadir J Natto, Zuhair S Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Nchanji, G Takop Ndishimye, Pacifique Ngunjiri, Josephine W Nguyen, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Van Thanh Nigatu, Yeshambel T Nikoobar, Ali Niranjan, Vikram Nnaji, Chukwudi A Noman, Efaq Ali Noor, Nurulamin M Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Nouri, Mehran Nozari, Majid Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi Nugen, Fred Odetokun, Ismail A Ogunfowokan, Adesola Adenike Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R Okeke, Iruka N Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Oluwatunase, Gideon Olamilekan Orish, Verner N Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V Ortiz-Prado, Esteban Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi Osuolale, Olayinka Ouyahia, Amel Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Pandey, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pando-Robles, Victoria Pardhan, Shahina Parikh, Romil R Patel, Jay Patil, Shankargouda Pawar, Shrikant Peprah, Prince Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Perna, Simone Petcu, Ionela-Roxana Philip, Anil K Polibin, Roman V Postma, Maarten J Pourtaheri, Naeimeh Pradhan, Jalandhar Prates, Elton Junio Sady Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga Qasim, Nameer Hashim Qazi, Asma Saleem R, Deepthi Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Rahim, Fakher Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahmani, Shayan Rahmanian, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rameto, Muhammed Ahmed Ahmed Ramteke, Pramod W Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rasella, Davide Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan Rathish, Devarajan Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Regmi, Aavishkar Raj Rengasamy, Kannan RR Rezaei, Nazila Rezaei, Nima Rezaeian, Mohsen Riad, Abanoub Rodrigues, Monica Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Roever, Leonardo Rohilla, Ravi Ronfani, Luca Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan Ross, Allen Guy Roudashti, Shekoufeh Roy, Bedanta Runghien, Tilleye Sachdeva Dhingra, Mamta Saddik, Basema Ahmad Sadeghi, Erfan Safari, Mehdi Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sajadi, S. Mohammad Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa Saleh, Mohamed A Samadi Kafil, Hossein Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo Sanabria, Juan Sanjeev, Rama Krishna Sarkar, Tanmay Sartorius, Benn Sathian, Brijesh Satpathy, Maheswar Sawhney, Monika Schumacher, Austin E Sebsibe, Mengistu Abayneh Serban, Dragos Shafie, Mahan Shahid, Samiah Shahid, Wajeehah Shaikh, Masood Ali Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran Shamshirgaran, Mohammad Ali Shanawaz, Mohd Shannawaz, Mohammed Sharifan, Amin Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Vishal Shenoy, Suchitra M Sherchan, Samendra P Shetty, Mahabalesh Shetty, Pavanchand H Shiferaw, Desalegn Shittu, Aminu Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Singh, Baljinder Singh, Jasvinder A Sinto, Robert Socea, Bogdan Soeters, Heidi M Sokhan, Anton Sood, Prashant Soraneh, Soroush Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T Srinivasamurthy, Suresh Kumar Srivastava, Vijay Kumar Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon Subedi, Narayan Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan Sulaiman, Sahabi K Suleman, Muhammad Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz T Y, Sree Sudha Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabche, Celine Taha, Zanan Mohammed-Ameen Talukder, Ashis Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze Tan, Ker-Kan Tandukar, Sarmila Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Thakali, Ocean Thakur, Ramna Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish Thomas, Joe Thomas, Nikhil Kenny Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera Tiwari, Krishna Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tram, Khai Hoan Tran, An Thien Tran, Nghia Minh Tran, Thang Huu Tromans, Samuel Joseph Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Udoakang, Aniefiok John Udoh, Arit Ullah, Saeed Umair, Muhammad Umar, Muhammad Unim, Brigid Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran Vahdati, Sanaz Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Valizadeh, Rohollah Verma, Madhur Verras, Georgios-Ioannis Vinayak, Manish Waheed, Yasir Walde, Mandaras Tariku Wang, Yanzhong Waqas, Muhammad Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wolde, Asrat Arja Wu, Felicia Yaghoubi, Sajad Yaya, Sanni Yezli, Saber Yiğit, Vahit Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yusuf, Hadiza Zahid, Mondal Hasan Zakham, Fathiah Zaki, Leila Zare, Iman Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhumagaliuly, Abzal Zia, Hafsa Zoladl, Mohammad Mokdad, Ali H Lim, Stephen S Vos, Theo Platts-Mills, James A Mosser, Jonathan F Reiner, Robert C Hay, Simon I Naghavi, Mohsen Murray, Christopher J L
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2024-12-18 2025-01-12T08:56:43Z
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00691-1 14733099 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309924006911 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/62113 1474-4457
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	en
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Elsevier
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Global regional national age-sex-specific burden diarrhoeal diseases risk factors aetiologies
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/article
description	BackgroundDiarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. MethodsWe used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age–sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. FindingsIn 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1·17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0·793–1·62) deaths globally, representing a 60·3% (50·6–69·0) decrease since 1990 (2·93 million [2·31–3·73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79·2% (72·4–84·6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147–221) in 1990 to 51·4 million (39·9–65·9) in 2021. In 2021, an estimated 59·0 million (47·2–73·2) DALYs were attributable to diarrhoeal diseases globally, with 30·9 million (23·1–42·0) of these affecting children younger than 5 years. Leading risk factors for diarrhoeal DALYs included low birthweight and short gestation in the neonatal age groups, child growth failure in children aged between 1–5 months and 2–4 years, and unsafe water and poor sanitation in older children and adults. We estimated that the removal of all evaluated diarrhoeal risk factors would reduce global DALYs from 59·0 million (47·2–73·2) to 4·99 million (1·99–10·0) among all ages combined. Globally in 2021, rotavirus was the predominant cause of diarrhoeal deaths across all ages, with a PAF of 15·2% (11·4–20·1), followed by norovirus at 10·6% (2·3–17·0) and Cryptosporidium spp at 10·2% (7·03–14·3). In children younger than 5 years, the fatal PAF of rotavirus was 35·2% (28·7–43·0), followed by Shigella spp at 24·0% (15·2–37·9) and adenovirus at 23·8% (14·8–36·3). Other pathogens with a fatal PAF greater than 10% in children younger than 5 years included Cryptosporidium spp, typical enteropathogenicEscherichia coli, and enterotoxigenic E coli producing heat-stable toxin. InterpretationThe substantial decline in the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases since 1990, particularly in children younger than 5 years, supports the effectiveness of health interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, enhanced water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, and the introduction and scale-up of rotavirus vaccination. Targeted interventions and preventive measures against key risk factors and pathogens could further reduce this burden. Continued investment in the development and distribution of vaccines for leading pathogens remains crucial. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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publishDate	2024
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spelling	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021Hmwe Hmwe, KyuVongpradith, AvinaDominguez, Regina-Mae VillanuevaMa, JianingAlbertson, Samuel BNovotney, AmandaKhalil, Ibrahim ATroeger, Christopher EDoxey, Matthew CLedesma, Jorge RSirota, Sarah BrookeBender, Rose GraceSwetschinski, Lucien RCunningham, MatthewSpearman, SandraAbate, Yohannes HabtegiorgisAbd Al Magied, Abdallah H AAbd ElHafeez, SamarAbdoun, MeriemAbera, BayehAbidi, HassanAboagye, Richard GyanAbtew, Yonas DersoAbualruz, HasanAbu-Gharbieh, EmanAbukhadijah, Hana JAburuz, SalahdeinAddo, Isaac YeboahAdekanmbi, VictorAdetunji, Charles Oluwaseun OluwaseunAdeyeoluwa, Temitayo EstherAdhikary, Ripon KumarAdnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas SakilahAdra, SaryiaAdzigbli, Leticia AkuaAfolabi, Aanuoluwapo AdeyimikaAfzal, Muhammad SohailAfzal, SairaAgampodi, Suneth BuddhikaAgide, Feleke DoyoreAhinkorah, Bright OpokuAhmad, AqeelAhmad, SajjadAhmed, AliAhmed, AymanAhmed, HaroonAhmed, SaeedAkinosoglou, KarolinaAkter, EmaAl Awaidy, SalahAlajlani, Muaaz MAlam, KhurshidAlbakri, AlmazaAlbashtawy, MohammedAldhaleei, Wafa AAlgammal, Abdelazeem MAl-Gheethi, Adel Ali SaeedAli, AbidAli, Syed ShujaitAli, WaadAlif, Sheikh MohammadAljunid, Syed MohamedAl-Marwani, SabahAlmazan, Joseph UyAl-Mekhlafi, Hesham MAlmustanyir, SamiAlqahatni, Saleh AAlrawashdeh, AhmadAl-Rifai, Rami HAlsabri, Mohammed AAltaf, AwaisAltirkawi, Khalid AAlvis-Guzman, NelsonAlvis-Zakzuk, Nelson JAlyahya, Mohammad Sharif IbrahimAl-Zyoud, Walid AAmugsi, Dickson AAndrei, Catalina LilianaAntoni, SebastienAnuoluwa, Boluwatife StephenAnuoluwa, Iyadunni AdesolaAnwar, SalehaAnwari, PalwashaApostol, Geminn Louis CaraceArabloo, JalalArafat, MosabAravkin, Aleksandr YAreda, DemelashAregawi, Brhane BerheAremu, AbdulfataiArndt, Michael BenjaminAsgedom, Akeza AwealomAshraf, TahiraAthari, Seyyed ShamsadinAtreya, AlokAyele, FirayadAzadi, DavoodAzhar, Gulrez ShahAziz, ShahkaarAzzam, Ahmed Y.Babu, Giridhara RathnaiahBahrami Taghanaki, PegahBahramian, SaeedBalakrishnan, SenthilkumarBanik, BiswajitBante, Simachew AnimenBardhan, MainakBärnighausen, Till WinfriedBarqawi, Hiba JawdatBarrow, AmadouBasharat, ZarrinBassat, QuiqueBastan, Mohammad-MahdiBasu, SauravBathini, Prapthi PersisBehzadi, PayamBeiranvand, MaryamBello, Muhammad BashirBello, Olorunjuwon OmolajaBeloukas, ApostolosBeran, AzizullahBhandari, DineshBhardwaj, PankajBhutta, Zulfiqar ABorhany, HamedBouaoud, SouadBrauer, MichaelBuonsenso, DaniloButt, Zahid AÇakmak Barsbay, MehtapCámera, Luis AlbertoCapodici, AngeloCastañeda-Orjuela, Carlos ACenderadewi, MuthiaChakraborty, ChiranjibChakraborty, SandipChattu, Vijay KumarChaudhary, Anis AhmadChichagi, FatemehChing, Patrick RChirinos-Caceres, Jesus LorenzoChopra, HiteshChoudhari, Sonali GajananChowdhury, Enayet KarimChu, Dinh-ToiChukwu, Isaac SundayChutiyami, MuhammadCruz-Martins, NataliaDadras, OmidDai, XiaochenDandona, LalitDandona, RakhiDarcho, Samuel DemissieDas, Jai KDash, Nihar RanjanDelgado-Enciso, IvanDesye, BelayDevanbu, Vinoth Gnana ChellaiyanDhama, KuldeepDhimal, MeghnathDiaz, Michael JDo, Thanh ChiDohare, SushilDorostkar, FaribaDoshi, Ojas PrakashbhaiDoshmangir, LeilaDsouza, Haneil LarsonDuraisamy, SenbagamDurojaiye, Oyewole ChristopherE'mar, Abdel RahmanEd-Dra, AbdelazizEdinur, Hisham AtanEfendi, DefiEfendi, FerryEghbali, FooladEkundayo, Temitope CyrusEl Sayed, ImanElhadi, MuhammedEl-Metwally, Ashraf AElshaer, MohammedElsohaby, IbrahimEltaha, ChadiEshrati, BabakEslami, MajidFahim, AyeshaFakhradiyev, Ildar RavisovichFakhri-Demeshghieh, AliasgharFarahmand, MohammadFasina, Folorunso OludayoFasina, Modupe MargaretFeizkhah, AlirezaFekadu, GinenusFerreira, NunoFetensa, GetahunFischer, FlorianFukumoto, TakeshiFux, BlimaGadanya, Muktar AGaihre, SantoshGajdács, MárióGalali, YaseenGandhi, Aravind PGautam, Rupesh KGebregergis, Miglas WelayGebrehiwot, MesfinGebremeskel, Teferi GebruGetachew, Motuma ErenaGetahun, Genanew KGetie, MollaGhasemzadeh, AfsanehGhazy, Ramy MohamedGhozy, SheriefGil, Artyom UrievichGirmay, Alem AberaGizaw, Abraham Tamirat TGolechha, MahaveerGoleij, PouyaGona, Philimon NGrada, AymanGuarducci, GiovanniGudeta, Mesay DechasaGupta, Vivek KumarHabteyohannes, Awoke DerbieHadi, Najah RHamidi, SamerHamilton, Erin BHarapan, HarapanHasan, Md. 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MohammadSalami, Afeez AbolarinwaSaleh, Mohamed ASamadi Kafil, HosseinSamodra, Yoseph LeonardoSanabria, JuanSanjeev, Rama KrishnaSarkar, TanmaySartorius, BennSathian, BrijeshSatpathy, MaheswarSawhney, MonikaSchumacher, Austin ESebsibe, Mengistu AbaynehSerban, DragosShafie, MahanShahid, SamiahShahid, WajeehahShaikh, Masood AliSham, SunderShamim, Muhammad AaqibShams-Beyranvand, MehranShamshirgaran, Mohammad AliShanawaz, MohdShannawaz, MohammedSharifan, AminSharma, ManojSharma, VishalShenoy, Suchitra MSherchan, Samendra PShetty, MahabaleshShetty, Pavanchand HShiferaw, DesalegnShittu, AminuShorofi, Seyed AfshinSiddig, Emmanuel EdwarSilva, Luís Manuel Lopes RodriguesSingh, BaljinderSingh, Jasvinder ASinto, RobertSocea, BogdanSoeters, Heidi MSokhan, AntonSood, PrashantSoraneh, SoroushSreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar TSrinivasamurthy, Suresh KumarSrivastava, Vijay KumarStanikzai, Muhammad HaroonSubedi, NarayanSubramaniyan, VetriselvanSulaiman, Sahabi KSuleman, MuhammadSwain, Chandan KumarSzarpak, LukaszT Y, Sree SudhaTabatabaei, Seyyed MohammadTabche, CelineTaha, Zanan Mohammed-AmeenTalukder, AshisTamuzi, Jacques LukenzeTan, Ker-KanTandukar, SarmilaTemsah, Mohamad-HaniThakali, OceanThakur, RamnaThirunavukkarasu, SathishThomas, JoeThomas, Nikhil KennyTicoalu, Jansje Henny VeraTiwari, KrishnaTovani-Palone, Marcos RobertoTram, Khai HoanTran, An ThienTran, Nghia MinhTran, Thang HuuTromans, Samuel JosephTruyen, Thien Tan Tri TaiTumurkhuu, MunkhtuyaUdoakang, Aniefiok JohnUdoh, AritUllah, SaeedUmair, MuhammadUmar, MuhammadUnim, BrigidUnnikrishnan, BhaskaranVahdati, SanazVaithinathan, Asokan GovindarajValizadeh, RohollahVerma, MadhurVerras, Georgios-IoannisVinayak, ManishWaheed, YasirWalde, Mandaras TarikuWang, YanzhongWaqas, MuhammadWeerakoon, Kosala GayanWickramasinghe, Nuwan DarshanaWolde, Asrat ArjaWu, FeliciaYaghoubi, SajadYaya, SanniYezli, SaberYiğit, VahitYin, DehuiYon, Dong KeonYonemoto, NaohiroYusuf, HadizaZahid, Mondal HasanZakham, FathiahZaki, LeilaZare, ImanZastrozhin, MichaelZeariya, Mohammed G MZhang, HaijunZhang, Zhi-JiangZhumagaliuly, AbzalZia, HafsaZoladl, MohammadMokdad, Ali HLim, Stephen SVos, TheoPlatts-Mills, James AMosser, Jonathan FReiner, Robert CHay, Simon INaghavi, MohsenMurray, Christopher J LGlobalregionalnational age-sex-specific burdendiarrhoeal diseasesrisk factorsaetiologiesBackgroundDiarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. MethodsWe used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age–sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. FindingsIn 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1·17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0·793–1·62) deaths globally, representing a 60·3% (50·6–69·0) decrease since 1990 (2·93 million [2·31–3·73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79·2% (72·4–84·6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147–221) in 1990 to 51·4 million (39·9–65·9) in 2021. In 2021, an estimated 59·0 million (47·2–73·2) DALYs were attributable to diarrhoeal diseases globally, with 30·9 million (23·1–42·0) of these affecting children younger than 5 years. Leading risk factors for diarrhoeal DALYs included low birthweight and short gestation in the neonatal age groups, child growth failure in children aged between 1–5 months and 2–4 years, and unsafe water and poor sanitation in older children and adults. We estimated that the removal of all evaluated diarrhoeal risk factors would reduce global DALYs from 59·0 million (47·2–73·2) to 4·99 million (1·99–10·0) among all ages combined. Globally in 2021, rotavirus was the predominant cause of diarrhoeal deaths across all ages, with a PAF of 15·2% (11·4–20·1), followed by norovirus at 10·6% (2·3–17·0) and Cryptosporidium spp at 10·2% (7·03–14·3). In children younger than 5 years, the fatal PAF of rotavirus was 35·2% (28·7–43·0), followed by Shigella spp at 24·0% (15·2–37·9) and adenovirus at 23·8% (14·8–36·3). Other pathogens with a fatal PAF greater than 10% in children younger than 5 years included Cryptosporidium spp, typical enteropathogenicEscherichia coli, and enterotoxigenic E coli producing heat-stable toxin. InterpretationThe substantial decline in the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases since 1990, particularly in children younger than 5 years, supports the effectiveness of health interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, enhanced water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, and the introduction and scale-up of rotavirus vaccination. Targeted interventions and preventive measures against key risk factors and pathogens could further reduce this burden. Continued investment in the development and distribution of vaccines for leading pathogens remains crucial. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Bill and Melinda Gates FoundationElsevier2025-01-12T08:56:43Z2024-12-18Articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00691-114733099https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309924006911http://hdl.handle.net/10576/621131474-4457enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/621132025-01-12T19:06:00Z
spellingShingle	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Hmwe Hmwe, Kyu Global regional national age-sex-specific burden diarrhoeal diseases risk factors aetiologies
status_str	publishedVersion
title	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_fullStr	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full_unstemmed	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_short	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_sort	Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
topic	Global regional national age-sex-specific burden diarrhoeal diseases risk factors aetiologies
url	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00691-1 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309924006911 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/62113

Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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