Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDespite a substantial reduction in the use of solid fuels for cooking worldwide, exposure to household air pollution (HAP) remains a leading global risk factor, contributing considerably to the burden of disease. We present a comprehensive analysis of spatial patterns and temporal trends i...

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Main Author:	Fiona B, Bennitt (author)
Other Authors:	Wozniak, Sarah (author), Causey, Kate (author), Spearman, Sandra (author), Okereke, Chukwuma (author), Garcia, Vanessa (author), Hashmeh, Nadim (author), Ashbaugh, Charlie (author), Abdelkader, Atef (author), Abdoun, Meriem (author), Abdurebi, Muhammed Jemal (author), Abedi, Armita (author), Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel (author), Aboagye, Richard Gyan (author), Abubakar, Bilyaminu (author), Abu-Zaid, Ahmed (author), Adane, Mesafint Molla (author), Adegboye, Oyelola A (author), Adekanmbi, Victor (author), Adepoju, Abiola Victor (author), Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther (author), Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel (author), Adha, Rishan (author), Afzal, Muhammad Sohail (author), Afzal, Saira (author), Agide, Feleke Doyore (author), Ahmad, Aqeel (author), Ahmad, Danish (author), Ahmad, Muayyad M (author), Ahmad, Sajjad (author), Ahmadi, Ali (author), Ahmadi, Sepideh (author), Ahmed, Anisuddin (author), Ahmed, Ayman (author), Ahmed, Haroon (author), Ajami, Marjan (author), Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola (author), Al Awaidy, Salah (author), Al Hamad, Hanadi (author), Alajlani, Muaaz M (author), Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa (author), Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed (author), Ali, Abid (author), Ali, Waad (author), Alif, Sheikh Mohammad (author), Almustanyir, Sami (author), Alvis-Guzman, Nelson (author), Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J (author), Aly, Hany (author), Amu, Hubert (author), Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi (author), Anagaw, Tadele Fentabel (author), Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen (author), Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola (author), Anvari, Saeid (author), Anyabolo, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel (author), Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace (author), Aravkin, Aleksandr Y (author), Areda, Demelash (author), Aregawi, Brhane Berhe (author), Aremu, Olatunde (author), Asgedom, Akeza Awealom (author), Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse (author), Ashraf, Tahira (author), Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin (author), Azadnajafabad, Sina (author), Azzam, Ahmed Y (author), Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah (author), Bahramian, Saeed (author), Bam, Kiran (author), Banach, Maciej (author), Banik, Biswajit (author), Baran, Mehmet Firat (author), Barone-Adesi, Francesco (author), Barteit, Sandra (author), Bashiru, Hameed Akande (author), Baskaran, Pritish (author), Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi (author), Basu, Sanjay (author), Basu, Saurav (author), Belay, Sefealem Assefa (author), Belayneh, Melesse (author), Beloukas, Apostolos (author), Bennett, Derrick A (author), Bhagat, Devidas S (author), Bhandari, Dinesh (author), Bhardwaj, Pankaj (author), Bhaskar, Sonu (author), Bhat, Ajay Nagesh (author), Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini (author), Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur (author), Bhatti, Manpreet S Singh (author), Bilgin, Cem (author), Boampong, Mary Sefa (author), Boppana, Sri Harsha (author), Bosoka, Samuel Adolf (author), Boudalia, Sofiane (author), Cao, Fan (author), Chandika, Rama Mohan (author), Chanie, Gashaw Sisay (author), Chattu, Vijay Kumar (author), Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad (author), Chaurasia, Akhilanand (author), Chen, Guangjin (author), Chen, Yifan (author), Chimoriya, Ritesh (author), Chong, Bryan (author), Christopher, Devasahayam J (author), Chukwu, Isaac Sunday (author), Cohen, Aaron J (author), Cruz-Martins, Natalia (author), Dadras, Omid (author), Dai, Xiaochen (author), Daikwo, Patience Unekwuojo (author), Darcho, Samuel Demissie (author), Das, Saswati (author), Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria (author), Desye, Belay (author), Dey, Sagnik (author), Dhimal, Meghnath (author), Diaz, Daniel (author), Do, Thanh Chi (author), Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai (author), E'mar, Abdel Rahman (author), Ebrahimi, Alireza (author), Edinur, Hisham Atan (author), Eftekharimehrabad, Aziz (author), Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus (author), El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat (author), Emdadul Haque, Syed (author), Emeto, Theophilus I (author), Enyew, Habtamu Demelash (author), Fahim, Ayesha (author), Fakunle, Adekunle Gregory (author), Faridi, Sasan (author), Fazylov, Timur (author), Feizkhah, Alireza (author), Fischer, Florian (author), Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin (author), G, Sridevi (author), Gadanya, Muktar A (author), Gao, Xiang (author), Gebregergis, Miglas Welay (author), Gebrehiwot, Mesfin (author), Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru (author), Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh (author), Ghith, Nermin (author), Golechha, Mahaveer (author), Golinelli, Davide (author), Guan, Shi-Yang (author), Guo, Zhifeng (author), Gupta, Bhawna (author), Gupta, Lalit (author), Halwani, Rabih (author), Hasaballah, Ahmed I (author), Hasnain, Md Saquib (author), Hay, Simon I (author), Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba (author), Hezam, Kamal (author), Hoan, Nguyen Quoc (author), Holla, Ramesh (author), Hosseinzadeh, Hassan (author), Hu, Chengxi (author), Huynh, Hong-Han (author), Hwang, Bing-Fang (author), Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel (author), Idowu, Oluwatope Olaniyi (author), Ikiroma, Adalia (author), Immurana, Mustapha (author), Inok, Arit (author), Iqhrammullah, Muhammad (author), Islam, Rakibul M (author), Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful (author), J, Vinothini (author), Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman (author), Jaiswal, Abhishek (author), Jakovljevic, Mihajlo (author), Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza (author), Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar (author), Jayaram, Shubha (author), Jema, Alelign Tasew (author), Jha, Ravi Prakash (author), Jonas, Jost B (author), Joseph, Nitin (author), Kadashetti, Vidya (author), Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem (author), Kansal, Sushil Kumar (author), Karaye, Ibraheem M (author), Kayode, Gbenga A (author), Khajuria, Himanshu (author), Khalaji, Amirmohammad (author), Khanal, Vishnu (author), Khatab, Khaled (author), Kheirallah, Khalid A (author), Khosla, Atulya Aman (author), Khosravi, Majid (author), KM, Shivakumar (author), Knibbs, Luke D (author), Koren, Gerbrand (author), Koul, Parvaiz A (author), Krishan, Kewal (author), Kuate Defo, Barthelemy (author), Kuddus, Mohammed (author), Kulimbet, Mukhtar (author), Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha (author), Kumar, Ashish (author), Kumar, Dewesh (author), Kumar, Nithin (author), Kurmi, Om P (author), Lahariya, Chandrakant (author), Lai, Hanpeng (author), Lan, Tuo (author), Lauriola, Paolo (author), Le, Nhi Huu Hanh (author), Lee, Munjae (author), Lee, Seung Won (author), Lim, Stephen S (author), Liu, Gang (author), Liu, Shuke (author), Liu, Wei (author), López-Gil, José Francisco (author), Lusk, Jay B (author), Maharaj, Sandeep B (author), Malhotra, Kashish (author), Malik, Ahmad Azam (author), Malik, Iram (author), Malinga, Lesibana Anthony (author), Mathioudakis, Alexander G (author), Mattiello, Rita (author), Maugeri, Andrea (author), Mekene Meto, Tesfahun (author), Meles, Hadush Negash (author), Menezes, Ritesh G (author), Meo, Sultan Ayoub (author), Mereta, Seid Tiku (author), Meretoja, Tuomo J (author), Mestrovic, Tomislav (author), Mhlanga, Laurette (author), Miller, Ted R (author), Mirica, Andreea (author), Mirrakhimov, Erkin M (author), Mirza, Moonis (author), Misganaw, Awoke (author), Mithra, Prasanna (author), Mohamed, Jama (author), Mohamed, Nouh Saad (author), Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah (author), Mohammed, Mustapha (author), Mohammed, Shafiu (author), Mokdad, Ali H (author), Momani, Shaher (author), Mondal, Himel (author), Morawska, Lidia (author), Motappa, Rohith (author), Mubarik, Sumaira (author), Munjal, Kavita (author), Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham (author), Murray, Christopher J L (author), Myung, Woojae (author), Nair, Sanjeev (author), Nangia, Vinay (author), Naveed, Muhammad (author), Nawsherwan (author), Ndejjo, Rawlance (author), Nguyen, Dang (author), Nguyen, Hien Quang (author), Nguyen, Van Thanh (author), Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos (author), Niranjan, Vikram (author), Noman, Efaq Ali (author), Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed (author), Norouzian Baghani, Abbas (author), Noubiap, Jean Jacques (author), Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet (author), Oancea, Bogdan (author), Odetokun, Ismail A (author), Odo, Daniel Bogale (author), Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O D (author), Oghenetega, Onome Bright (author), Okonji, Osaretin Christabel (author), Olagunju, Andrew T (author), Olasehinde, Tosin Abiola (author), Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa (author), Oluwatunase, Gideon Olamilekan (author), Omar Bali, Ahmed (author), Ommati, Mohammad Mehdi (author), Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola (author), Ondayo, Maureene Auma (author), Otoiu, Adrian (author), Owolabi, Mayowa O (author), P A, Mahesh Padukudru (author), Padubidri, Jagadish Rao (author), Pantazopoulos, Ioannis (author), Pardhan, Shahina (author), Parija, Pragyan Paramita (author), Parikh, Romil R (author), Park, Eun-Kee (author), Parthasarathi, Ashwaghosha (author), Patel, Jay (author), Pati, Siddhartha (author), Pawar, Shrikant (author), Peprah, Prince (author), Pereira, Gavin (author), Perianayagam, Arokiasamy (author), Pham, Hoang Tran (author), Poluru, Ramesh (author), Pourshams, Akram (author), Pradhan, Jalandhar (author), Prates, Elton Junio Sady (author), Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga (author), Puvvula, Jagadeesh (author), Rafiee, Ata (author), Raghav, Pankaja (author), Rahim, Fakher (author), Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur (author), Rahman, Mosiur (author), Rahman, Muhammad Aziz (author), Rahmani, Amir Masoud (author), Rahmanian, Mohammad (author), Rajaa, Sathish (author), Rajabi, Rayan (author), Rajput, Prashant (author), Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed (author), Rana, Juwel (author), Rana, Kritika (author), Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal (author), Rasali, Drona Prakash (author), Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar (author), Rawaf, Salman (author), Redwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed (author), Rezaei, Nazila (author), Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia (author), Röhr, Susanne (author), Roshandel, Gholamreza (author), Rout, Himanshu Sekhar (author), Roy, Priyanka (author), Russo, Michele (author), Sabet, Cameron John (author), Saddik, Basema Ahmad (author), Saeed, Umar (author), Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes (author), Sahebkar, Amirhossein (author), Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa (author), Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa (author), Salihu, Dauda (author), Samy, Abdallah M (author), Santric-Milicevic, Milena M (author), Sarkar, Tanmay (author), Satpathy, Maheswar (author), Saya, Ganesh Kumar (author), Sayeed, Md Abu (author), Schumacher, Austin E (author), Sergindo, Mihretu Tagesse (author), Sethi, Yashendra (author), Seylani, Allen (author), Shahid, Samiah (author), Sham, Sunder (author), Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib (author), Shamsi, Anas (author), Sheikh, Aziz (author), Shetty, Pavanchand H (author), Shittu, Aminu (author), Shiue, Ivy (author), Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar (author), Singh, Paramdeep (author), Singh, Surjit (author), Siraj, Md Shahjahan (author), Stanaway, Jeffrey D (author), Stockfelt, Leo (author), Straif, Kurt (author), Swain, Chandan Kumar (author), Swami Vetha, Berwin Singh (author), Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad (author), Tampa, Mircea (author), Tang, Haosu (author), Tanwar, Manoj (author), Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang (author), Tefera, Yibekal Manaye (author), Temsah, Mohamad-Hani (author), Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani (author), Thakur, Ramna (author), Thienemann, Friedrich (author), Tibebu, Nigusie Selomon (author), Tiwari, Krishna (author), Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto (author), Tripathy, Jaya Prasad (author), Tsatsakis, Aristidis (author), Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya (author), Udoakang, Aniefiok John (author), Ullah, Sana (author), Vahdati, Sanaz (author), Vaziri, Siavash (author), Verma, Madhur (author), Vidale, Simone (author), Villani, Simona (author), Vohra, Karn (author), Vos, Theo (author), Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse (author), Weldetinsaa, Haftom Legese (author), Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew (author), Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana (author), Wojewodzic, Marcin W (author), Wonde, Tewodros Eshete (author), Wu, Felicia (author), Wu, Zenghong (author), Xiao, Hong (author), Xu, Suowen (author), Yadav, Mukesh Kumar (author), Yahoo Syed, Saba (author), Yaya, Sanni (author), Yiğit, Arzu (author), Yiğit, Vahit (author), Yin, Dehui (author), Yon, Dong Keon (author), Yonemoto, Naohiro (author), Yu, Chuanhua (author), Zaki, Leila (author), Zeariya, Mohammed G M (author), Zeng, Youjie (author), Zhai, Chunxia (author), Zhang, Haijun (author), Zhang, Zhiqiang (author), Zhu, Bin (author), Zyoud, Sa'ed H (author), Zyoud, Samer H (author), Brauer, Michael (author), Burkart, Katrin (author)
Format:	article
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Household Air Pollution (HAP) Exposure Attributable Burden Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Global Health Impact
Online Access:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02840-X https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067362402840X http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63878
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_version_	1857415083884281856
author	Fiona B, Bennitt
author2	Wozniak, Sarah Causey, Kate Spearman, Sandra Okereke, Chukwuma Garcia, Vanessa Hashmeh, Nadim Ashbaugh, Charlie Abdelkader, Atef Abdoun, Meriem Abdurebi, Muhammed Jemal Abedi, Armita Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adane, Mesafint Molla Adegboye, Oyelola A Adekanmbi, Victor Adepoju, Abiola Victor Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel Adha, Rishan Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ajami, Marjan Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hamad, Hanadi Alajlani, Muaaz M Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Almustanyir, Sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J Aly, Hany Amu, Hubert Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Anagaw, Tadele Fentabel Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anvari, Saeid Anyabolo, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Olatunde Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Azadnajafabad, Sina Azzam, Ahmed Y Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Bahramian, Saeed Bam, Kiran Banach, Maciej Banik, Biswajit Baran, Mehmet Firat Barone-Adesi, Francesco Barteit, Sandra Bashiru, Hameed Akande Baskaran, Pritish Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Basu, Saurav Belay, Sefealem Assefa Belayneh, Melesse Beloukas, Apostolos Bennett, Derrick A Bhagat, Devidas S Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Manpreet S Singh Bilgin, Cem Boampong, Mary Sefa Boppana, Sri Harsha Bosoka, Samuel Adolf Boudalia, Sofiane Cao, Fan Chandika, Rama Mohan Chanie, Gashaw Sisay Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chaurasia, Akhilanand Chen, Guangjin Chen, Yifan Chimoriya, Ritesh Chong, Bryan Christopher, Devasahayam J Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Cohen, Aaron J Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Daikwo, Patience Unekwuojo Darcho, Samuel Demissie Das, Saswati Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria Desye, Belay Dey, Sagnik Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Daniel Do, Thanh Chi Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai E'mar, Abdel Rahman Ebrahimi, Alireza Edinur, Hisham Atan Eftekharimehrabad, Aziz Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat Emdadul Haque, Syed Emeto, Theophilus I Enyew, Habtamu Demelash Fahim, Ayesha Fakunle, Adekunle Gregory Faridi, Sasan Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fischer, Florian Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin G, Sridevi Gadanya, Muktar A Gao, Xiang Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh Ghith, Nermin Golechha, Mahaveer Golinelli, Davide Guan, Shi-Yang Guo, Zhifeng Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Lalit Halwani, Rabih Hasaballah, Ahmed I Hasnain, Md Saquib Hay, Simon I Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba Hezam, Kamal Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Holla, Ramesh Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hu, Chengxi Huynh, Hong-Han Hwang, Bing-Fang Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel Idowu, Oluwatope Olaniyi Ikiroma, Adalia Immurana, Mustapha Inok, Arit Iqhrammullah, Muhammad Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful J, Vinothini Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jaiswal, Abhishek Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar Jayaram, Shubha Jema, Alelign Tasew Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Joseph, Nitin Kadashetti, Vidya Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kansal, Sushil Kumar Karaye, Ibraheem M Kayode, Gbenga A Khajuria, Himanshu Khalaji, Amirmohammad Khanal, Vishnu Khatab, Khaled Kheirallah, Khalid A Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Majid KM, Shivakumar Knibbs, Luke D Koren, Gerbrand Koul, Parvaiz A Krishan, Kewal Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuddus, Mohammed Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Kumar, Ashish Kumar, Dewesh Kumar, Nithin Kurmi, Om P Lahariya, Chandrakant Lai, Hanpeng Lan, Tuo Lauriola, Paolo Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lim, Stephen S Liu, Gang Liu, Shuke Liu, Wei López-Gil, José Francisco Lusk, Jay B Maharaj, Sandeep B Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malinga, Lesibana Anthony Mathioudakis, Alexander G Mattiello, Rita Maugeri, Andrea Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Menezes, Ritesh G Meo, Sultan Ayoub Mereta, Seid Tiku Meretoja, Tuomo J Mestrovic, Tomislav Mhlanga, Laurette Miller, Ted R Mirica, Andreea Mirrakhimov, Erkin M Mirza, Moonis Misganaw, Awoke Mithra, Prasanna Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mokdad, Ali H Momani, Shaher Mondal, Himel Morawska, Lidia Motappa, Rohith Mubarik, Sumaira Munjal, Kavita Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murray, Christopher J L Myung, Woojae Nair, Sanjeev Nangia, Vinay Naveed, Muhammad Nawsherwan Ndejjo, Rawlance Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Van Thanh Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Niranjan, Vikram Noman, Efaq Ali Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Norouzian Baghani, Abbas Noubiap, Jean Jacques Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Oancea, Bogdan Odetokun, Ismail A Odo, Daniel Bogale Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O D Oghenetega, Onome Bright Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Olasehinde, Tosin Abiola Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Oluwatunase, Gideon Olamilekan Omar Bali, Ahmed Ommati, Mohammad Mehdi Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola Ondayo, Maureene Auma Otoiu, Adrian Owolabi, Mayowa O P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Pantazopoulos, Ioannis Pardhan, Shahina Parija, Pragyan Paramita Parikh, Romil R Park, Eun-Kee Parthasarathi, Ashwaghosha Patel, Jay Pati, Siddhartha Pawar, Shrikant Peprah, Prince Pereira, Gavin Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Pham, Hoang Tran Poluru, Ramesh Pourshams, Akram Pradhan, Jalandhar Prates, Elton Junio Sady Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga Puvvula, Jagadeesh Rafiee, Ata Raghav, Pankaja Rahim, Fakher Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahmani, Amir Masoud Rahmanian, Mohammad Rajaa, Sathish Rajabi, Rayan Rajput, Prashant Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Rana, Juwel Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rasali, Drona Prakash Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Rezaei, Nazila Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Röhr, Susanne Roshandel, Gholamreza Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Priyanka Russo, Michele Sabet, Cameron John Saddik, Basema Ahmad Saeed, Umar Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Sahebkar, Amirhossein Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa Salihu, Dauda Samy, Abdallah M Santric-Milicevic, Milena M Sarkar, Tanmay Satpathy, Maheswar Saya, Ganesh Kumar Sayeed, Md Abu Schumacher, Austin E Sergindo, Mihretu Tagesse Sethi, Yashendra Seylani, Allen Shahid, Samiah Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shamsi, Anas Sheikh, Aziz Shetty, Pavanchand H Shittu, Aminu Shiue, Ivy Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Siraj, Md Shahjahan Stanaway, Jeffrey D Stockfelt, Leo Straif, Kurt Swain, Chandan Kumar Swami Vetha, Berwin Singh Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tampa, Mircea Tang, Haosu Tanwar, Manoj Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang Tefera, Yibekal Manaye Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani Thakur, Ramna Thienemann, Friedrich Tibebu, Nigusie Selomon Tiwari, Krishna Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tripathy, Jaya Prasad Tsatsakis, Aristidis Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Udoakang, Aniefiok John Ullah, Sana Vahdati, Sanaz Vaziri, Siavash Verma, Madhur Vidale, Simone Villani, Simona Vohra, Karn Vos, Theo Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse Weldetinsaa, Haftom Legese Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wonde, Tewodros Eshete Wu, Felicia Wu, Zenghong Xiao, Hong Xu, Suowen Yadav, Mukesh Kumar Yahoo Syed, Saba Yaya, Sanni Yiğit, Arzu Yiğit, Vahit Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yu, Chuanhua Zaki, Leila Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zeng, Youjie Zhai, Chunxia Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhu, Bin Zyoud, Sa'ed H Zyoud, Samer H Brauer, Michael Burkart, Katrin
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author
author_facet	Fiona B, Bennitt Wozniak, Sarah Causey, Kate Spearman, Sandra Okereke, Chukwuma Garcia, Vanessa Hashmeh, Nadim Ashbaugh, Charlie Abdelkader, Atef Abdoun, Meriem Abdurebi, Muhammed Jemal Abedi, Armita Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adane, Mesafint Molla Adegboye, Oyelola A Adekanmbi, Victor Adepoju, Abiola Victor Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel Adha, Rishan Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ajami, Marjan Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hamad, Hanadi Alajlani, Muaaz M Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Almustanyir, Sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J Aly, Hany Amu, Hubert Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Anagaw, Tadele Fentabel Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anvari, Saeid Anyabolo, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Olatunde Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Azadnajafabad, Sina Azzam, Ahmed Y Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Bahramian, Saeed Bam, Kiran Banach, Maciej Banik, Biswajit Baran, Mehmet Firat Barone-Adesi, Francesco Barteit, Sandra Bashiru, Hameed Akande Baskaran, Pritish Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Basu, Saurav Belay, Sefealem Assefa Belayneh, Melesse Beloukas, Apostolos Bennett, Derrick A Bhagat, Devidas S Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Manpreet S Singh Bilgin, Cem Boampong, Mary Sefa Boppana, Sri Harsha Bosoka, Samuel Adolf Boudalia, Sofiane Cao, Fan Chandika, Rama Mohan Chanie, Gashaw Sisay Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chaurasia, Akhilanand Chen, Guangjin Chen, Yifan Chimoriya, Ritesh Chong, Bryan Christopher, Devasahayam J Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Cohen, Aaron J Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Daikwo, Patience Unekwuojo Darcho, Samuel Demissie Das, Saswati Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria Desye, Belay Dey, Sagnik Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Daniel Do, Thanh Chi Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai E'mar, Abdel Rahman Ebrahimi, Alireza Edinur, Hisham Atan Eftekharimehrabad, Aziz Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat Emdadul Haque, Syed Emeto, Theophilus I Enyew, Habtamu Demelash Fahim, Ayesha Fakunle, Adekunle Gregory Faridi, Sasan Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fischer, Florian Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin G, Sridevi Gadanya, Muktar A Gao, Xiang Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh Ghith, Nermin Golechha, Mahaveer Golinelli, Davide Guan, Shi-Yang Guo, Zhifeng Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Lalit Halwani, Rabih Hasaballah, Ahmed I Hasnain, Md Saquib Hay, Simon I Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba Hezam, Kamal Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Holla, Ramesh Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hu, Chengxi Huynh, Hong-Han Hwang, Bing-Fang Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel Idowu, Oluwatope Olaniyi Ikiroma, Adalia Immurana, Mustapha Inok, Arit Iqhrammullah, Muhammad Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful J, Vinothini Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jaiswal, Abhishek Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar Jayaram, Shubha Jema, Alelign Tasew Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Joseph, Nitin Kadashetti, Vidya Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kansal, Sushil Kumar Karaye, Ibraheem M Kayode, Gbenga A Khajuria, Himanshu Khalaji, Amirmohammad Khanal, Vishnu Khatab, Khaled Kheirallah, Khalid A Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Majid KM, Shivakumar Knibbs, Luke D Koren, Gerbrand Koul, Parvaiz A Krishan, Kewal Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuddus, Mohammed Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Kumar, Ashish Kumar, Dewesh Kumar, Nithin Kurmi, Om P Lahariya, Chandrakant Lai, Hanpeng Lan, Tuo Lauriola, Paolo Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lim, Stephen S Liu, Gang Liu, Shuke Liu, Wei López-Gil, José Francisco Lusk, Jay B Maharaj, Sandeep B Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malinga, Lesibana Anthony Mathioudakis, Alexander G Mattiello, Rita Maugeri, Andrea Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Menezes, Ritesh G Meo, Sultan Ayoub Mereta, Seid Tiku Meretoja, Tuomo J Mestrovic, Tomislav Mhlanga, Laurette Miller, Ted R Mirica, Andreea Mirrakhimov, Erkin M Mirza, Moonis Misganaw, Awoke Mithra, Prasanna Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mokdad, Ali H Momani, Shaher Mondal, Himel Morawska, Lidia Motappa, Rohith Mubarik, Sumaira Munjal, Kavita Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murray, Christopher J L Myung, Woojae Nair, Sanjeev Nangia, Vinay Naveed, Muhammad Nawsherwan Ndejjo, Rawlance Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Van Thanh Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Niranjan, Vikram Noman, Efaq Ali Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Norouzian Baghani, Abbas Noubiap, Jean Jacques Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Oancea, Bogdan Odetokun, Ismail A Odo, Daniel Bogale Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O D Oghenetega, Onome Bright Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Olasehinde, Tosin Abiola Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Oluwatunase, Gideon Olamilekan Omar Bali, Ahmed Ommati, Mohammad Mehdi Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola Ondayo, Maureene Auma Otoiu, Adrian Owolabi, Mayowa O P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Pantazopoulos, Ioannis Pardhan, Shahina Parija, Pragyan Paramita Parikh, Romil R Park, Eun-Kee Parthasarathi, Ashwaghosha Patel, Jay Pati, Siddhartha Pawar, Shrikant Peprah, Prince Pereira, Gavin Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Pham, Hoang Tran Poluru, Ramesh Pourshams, Akram Pradhan, Jalandhar Prates, Elton Junio Sady Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga Puvvula, Jagadeesh Rafiee, Ata Raghav, Pankaja Rahim, Fakher Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahmani, Amir Masoud Rahmanian, Mohammad Rajaa, Sathish Rajabi, Rayan Rajput, Prashant Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Rana, Juwel Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rasali, Drona Prakash Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Rezaei, Nazila Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Röhr, Susanne Roshandel, Gholamreza Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Priyanka Russo, Michele Sabet, Cameron John Saddik, Basema Ahmad Saeed, Umar Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Sahebkar, Amirhossein Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa Salihu, Dauda Samy, Abdallah M Santric-Milicevic, Milena M Sarkar, Tanmay Satpathy, Maheswar Saya, Ganesh Kumar Sayeed, Md Abu Schumacher, Austin E Sergindo, Mihretu Tagesse Sethi, Yashendra Seylani, Allen Shahid, Samiah Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shamsi, Anas Sheikh, Aziz Shetty, Pavanchand H Shittu, Aminu Shiue, Ivy Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Siraj, Md Shahjahan Stanaway, Jeffrey D Stockfelt, Leo Straif, Kurt Swain, Chandan Kumar Swami Vetha, Berwin Singh Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tampa, Mircea Tang, Haosu Tanwar, Manoj Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang Tefera, Yibekal Manaye Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani Thakur, Ramna Thienemann, Friedrich Tibebu, Nigusie Selomon Tiwari, Krishna Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tripathy, Jaya Prasad Tsatsakis, Aristidis Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Udoakang, Aniefiok John Ullah, Sana Vahdati, Sanaz Vaziri, Siavash Verma, Madhur Vidale, Simone Villani, Simona Vohra, Karn Vos, Theo Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse Weldetinsaa, Haftom Legese Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wonde, Tewodros Eshete Wu, Felicia Wu, Zenghong Xiao, Hong Xu, Suowen Yadav, Mukesh Kumar Yahoo Syed, Saba Yaya, Sanni Yiğit, Arzu Yiğit, Vahit Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yu, Chuanhua Zaki, Leila Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zeng, Youjie Zhai, Chunxia Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhu, Bin Zyoud, Sa'ed H Zyoud, Samer H Brauer, Michael Burkart, Katrin
author_role	author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Fiona B, Bennitt Wozniak, Sarah Causey, Kate Spearman, Sandra Okereke, Chukwuma Garcia, Vanessa Hashmeh, Nadim Ashbaugh, Charlie Abdelkader, Atef Abdoun, Meriem Abdurebi, Muhammed Jemal Abedi, Armita Abeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto Ariel Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adane, Mesafint Molla Adegboye, Oyelola A Adekanmbi, Victor Adepoju, Abiola Victor Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel Adha, Rishan Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agide, Feleke Doyore Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmed, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ajami, Marjan Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola Al Awaidy, Salah Al Hamad, Hanadi Alajlani, Muaaz M Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed Ali, Abid Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Almustanyir, Sami Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J Aly, Hany Amu, Hubert Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Anagaw, Tadele Fentabel Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anvari, Saeid Anyabolo, Ekenedilichukwu Emmanuel Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Aremu, Olatunde Asgedom, Akeza Awealom Ashemo, Mubarek Yesse Ashraf, Tahira Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Azadnajafabad, Sina Azzam, Ahmed Y Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Bahramian, Saeed Bam, Kiran Banach, Maciej Banik, Biswajit Baran, Mehmet Firat Barone-Adesi, Francesco Barteit, Sandra Bashiru, Hameed Akande Baskaran, Pritish Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Sanjay Basu, Saurav Belay, Sefealem Assefa Belayneh, Melesse Beloukas, Apostolos Bennett, Derrick A Bhagat, Devidas S Bhandari, Dinesh Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Manpreet S Singh Bilgin, Cem Boampong, Mary Sefa Boppana, Sri Harsha Bosoka, Samuel Adolf Boudalia, Sofiane Cao, Fan Chandika, Rama Mohan Chanie, Gashaw Sisay Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chaurasia, Akhilanand Chen, Guangjin Chen, Yifan Chimoriya, Ritesh Chong, Bryan Christopher, Devasahayam J Chukwu, Isaac Sunday Cohen, Aaron J Cruz-Martins, Natalia Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Daikwo, Patience Unekwuojo Darcho, Samuel Demissie Das, Saswati Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria Desye, Belay Dey, Sagnik Dhimal, Meghnath Diaz, Daniel Do, Thanh Chi Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai E'mar, Abdel Rahman Ebrahimi, Alireza Edinur, Hisham Atan Eftekharimehrabad, Aziz Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat Emdadul Haque, Syed Emeto, Theophilus I Enyew, Habtamu Demelash Fahim, Ayesha Fakunle, Adekunle Gregory Faridi, Sasan Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fischer, Florian Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin G, Sridevi Gadanya, Muktar A Gao, Xiang Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh Ghith, Nermin Golechha, Mahaveer Golinelli, Davide Guan, Shi-Yang Guo, Zhifeng Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Lalit Halwani, Rabih Hasaballah, Ahmed I Hasnain, Md Saquib Hay, Simon I Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba Hezam, Kamal Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Holla, Ramesh Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hu, Chengxi Huynh, Hong-Han Hwang, Bing-Fang Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel Idowu, Oluwatope Olaniyi Ikiroma, Adalia Immurana, Mustapha Inok, Arit Iqhrammullah, Muhammad Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful J, Vinothini Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jaiswal, Abhishek Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Reza Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar Jayaram, Shubha Jema, Alelign Tasew Jha, Ravi Prakash Jonas, Jost B Joseph, Nitin Kadashetti, Vidya Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kansal, Sushil Kumar Karaye, Ibraheem M Kayode, Gbenga A Khajuria, Himanshu Khalaji, Amirmohammad Khanal, Vishnu Khatab, Khaled Kheirallah, Khalid A Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Majid KM, Shivakumar Knibbs, Luke D Koren, Gerbrand Koul, Parvaiz A Krishan, Kewal Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuddus, Mohammed Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Kumar, Ashish Kumar, Dewesh Kumar, Nithin Kurmi, Om P Lahariya, Chandrakant Lai, Hanpeng Lan, Tuo Lauriola, Paolo Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lim, Stephen S Liu, Gang Liu, Shuke Liu, Wei López-Gil, José Francisco Lusk, Jay B Maharaj, Sandeep B Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malinga, Lesibana Anthony Mathioudakis, Alexander G Mattiello, Rita Maugeri, Andrea Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Menezes, Ritesh G Meo, Sultan Ayoub Mereta, Seid Tiku Meretoja, Tuomo J Mestrovic, Tomislav Mhlanga, Laurette Miller, Ted R Mirica, Andreea Mirrakhimov, Erkin M Mirza, Moonis Misganaw, Awoke Mithra, Prasanna Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mokdad, Ali H Momani, Shaher Mondal, Himel Morawska, Lidia Motappa, Rohith Mubarik, Sumaira Munjal, Kavita Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murray, Christopher J L Myung, Woojae Nair, Sanjeev Nangia, Vinay Naveed, Muhammad Nawsherwan Ndejjo, Rawlance Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Van Thanh Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Niranjan, Vikram Noman, Efaq Ali Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Norouzian Baghani, Abbas Noubiap, Jean Jacques Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Oancea, Bogdan Odetokun, Ismail A Odo, Daniel Bogale Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O D Oghenetega, Onome Bright Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Olasehinde, Tosin Abiola Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa Oluwatunase, Gideon Olamilekan Omar Bali, Ahmed Ommati, Mohammad Mehdi Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola Ondayo, Maureene Auma Otoiu, Adrian Owolabi, Mayowa O P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Pantazopoulos, Ioannis Pardhan, Shahina Parija, Pragyan Paramita Parikh, Romil R Park, Eun-Kee Parthasarathi, Ashwaghosha Patel, Jay Pati, Siddhartha Pawar, Shrikant Peprah, Prince Pereira, Gavin Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Pham, Hoang Tran Poluru, Ramesh Pourshams, Akram Pradhan, Jalandhar Prates, Elton Junio Sady Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga Puvvula, Jagadeesh Rafiee, Ata Raghav, Pankaja Rahim, Fakher Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahmani, Amir Masoud Rahmanian, Mohammad Rajaa, Sathish Rajabi, Rayan Rajput, Prashant Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Rana, Juwel Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rasali, Drona Prakash Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Rezaei, Nazila Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Röhr, Susanne Roshandel, Gholamreza Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Priyanka Russo, Michele Sabet, Cameron John Saddik, Basema Ahmad Saeed, Umar Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Sahebkar, Amirhossein Sahoo, Pragyan Monalisa Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa Salihu, Dauda Samy, Abdallah M Santric-Milicevic, Milena M Sarkar, Tanmay Satpathy, Maheswar Saya, Ganesh Kumar Sayeed, Md Abu Schumacher, Austin E Sergindo, Mihretu Tagesse Sethi, Yashendra Seylani, Allen Shahid, Samiah Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shamsi, Anas Sheikh, Aziz Shetty, Pavanchand H Shittu, Aminu Shiue, Ivy Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Surjit Siraj, Md Shahjahan Stanaway, Jeffrey D Stockfelt, Leo Straif, Kurt Swain, Chandan Kumar Swami Vetha, Berwin Singh Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tampa, Mircea Tang, Haosu Tanwar, Manoj Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang Tefera, Yibekal Manaye Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani Thakur, Ramna Thienemann, Friedrich Tibebu, Nigusie Selomon Tiwari, Krishna Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Tripathy, Jaya Prasad Tsatsakis, Aristidis Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Udoakang, Aniefiok John Ullah, Sana Vahdati, Sanaz Vaziri, Siavash Verma, Madhur Vidale, Simone Villani, Simona Vohra, Karn Vos, Theo Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse Weldetinsaa, Haftom Legese Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wonde, Tewodros Eshete Wu, Felicia Wu, Zenghong Xiao, Hong Xu, Suowen Yadav, Mukesh Kumar Yahoo Syed, Saba Yaya, Sanni Yiğit, Arzu Yiğit, Vahit Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yu, Chuanhua Zaki, Leila Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zeng, Youjie Zhai, Chunxia Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhu, Bin Zyoud, Sa'ed H Zyoud, Samer H Brauer, Michael Burkart, Katrin
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2025-03-23T06:12:52Z 2025-03-18
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv	application/pdf
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02840-X 01406736 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067362402840X http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63878 1474-547X
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	en
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	Elsevier
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Household Air Pollution (HAP) Exposure Attributable Burden Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Global Health Impact
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	Article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/article
description	BackgroundDespite a substantial reduction in the use of solid fuels for cooking worldwide, exposure to household air pollution (HAP) remains a leading global risk factor, contributing considerably to the burden of disease. We present a comprehensive analysis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in exposure and attributable disease from 1990 to 2021, featuring substantial methodological updates compared with previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, including improved exposure estimations accounting for specific fuel types. MethodsWe estimated HAP exposure and trends and attributable burden for cataract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, tracheal cancer, bronchus cancer, lung cancer, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and causes mediated via adverse reproductive outcomes for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We first estimated the mean fuel type-specific concentrations (in μg/m3) of fine particulate matter (PM2·5) pollution to which individuals using solid fuels for cooking were exposed, categorised by fuel type, location, year, age, and sex. Using a systematic review of the epidemiological literature and a newly developed meta-regression tool (meta-regression: Bayesian, regularised, trimmed), we derived disease-specific, non-parametric exposure–response curves to estimate relative risk as a function of PM2·5 concentration. We combined our exposure estimates and relative risks to estimate population attributable fractions and attributable burden for each cause by sex, age, location, and year. FindingsIn 2021, 2·67 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·63–2·71) people, 33·8% (95% UI 33·2–34·3) of the global population, were exposed to HAP from all sources at a mean concentration of 84·2 μg/m3. Although these figures show a notable reduction in the percentage of the global population exposed in 1990 (56·7%, 56·4–57·1), in absolute terms, there has been only a decline of 0·35 billion (10%) from the 3·02 billion people exposed to HAP in 1990. In 2021, 111 million (95% UI 75·1–164) global disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were attributable to HAP, accounting for 3·9% (95% UI 2·6–5·7) of all DALYs. The rate of global, HAP-attributable DALYs in 2021 was 1500·3 (95% UI 1028·4–2195·6) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population, a decline of 63·8% since 1990, when HAP-attributable DALYs comprised 4147·7 (3101·4–5104·6) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population. HAP-attributable burden remained highest in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, with 4044·1 (3103·4–5219·7) and 3213·5 (2165·4–4409·4) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population, respectively. The rate of HAP-attributable DALYs was higher for males (1530·5, 1023·4–2263·6) than for females (1318·5, 866·1–1977·2). Approximately one-third of the HAP-attributable burden (518·1, 410·1–641·7) was mediated via short gestation and low birthweight. Decomposition of trends and drivers behind changes in the HAP-attributable burden highlighted that declines in exposures were counteracted by population growth in most regions of the world, especially sub-Saharan Africa. InterpretationAlthough the burden attributable to HAP has decreased considerably, HAP remains a substantial risk factor, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Our comprehensive estimates of HAP exposure and attributable burden offer a robust and reliable resource for health policy makers and practitioners to precisely target and tailor health interventions. Given the persistent and substantial impact of HAP in many regions and countries, it is imperative to accelerate efforts to transition under-resourced communities to cleaner household energy sources. Such initiatives are crucial for mitigating health risks and promoting sustainable development, ultimately improving the quality of life and health outcomes for millions of people. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
format	article
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publishDate	2025
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spelling	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021Fiona B, BennittWozniak, SarahCausey, KateSpearman, SandraOkereke, ChukwumaGarcia, VanessaHashmeh, NadimAshbaugh, CharlieAbdelkader, AtefAbdoun, MeriemAbdurebi, Muhammed JemalAbedi, ArmitaAbeldaño Zuñiga, Roberto ArielAboagye, Richard GyanAbubakar, BilyaminuAbu-Zaid, AhmedAdane, Mesafint MollaAdegboye, Oyelola AAdekanmbi, VictorAdepoju, Abiola VictorAdeyeoluwa, Temitayo EstherAdeyomoye, Olorunsola IsraelAdha, RishanAfzal, Muhammad SohailAfzal, SairaAgide, Feleke DoyoreAhmad, AqeelAhmad, DanishAhmad, Muayyad MAhmad, SajjadAhmadi, AliAhmadi, SepidehAhmed, AnisuddinAhmed, AymanAhmed, HaroonAjami, MarjanAkinyemi, Rufus OlusolaAl Awaidy, SalahAl Hamad, HanadiAlajlani, Muaaz MAlemayohu, Mulubirhan AssefaAl-Gheethi, Adel Ali SaeedAli, AbidAli, WaadAlif, Sheikh MohammadAlmustanyir, SamiAlvis-Guzman, NelsonAlvis-Zakzuk, Nelson JAly, HanyAmu, HubertAmusa, Ganiyu AdeniyiAnagaw, Tadele FentabelAnuoluwa, Boluwatife StephenAnuoluwa, Iyadunni AdesolaAnvari, SaeidAnyabolo, Ekenedilichukwu EmmanuelApostol, Geminn Louis CaraceAravkin, Aleksandr YAreda, DemelashAregawi, Brhane BerheAremu, OlatundeAsgedom, Akeza AwealomAshemo, Mubarek YesseAshraf, TahiraAthari, Seyyed ShamsadinAzadnajafabad, SinaAzzam, Ahmed YBabu, Giridhara RathnaiahBahramian, SaeedBam, KiranBanach, MaciejBanik, BiswajitBaran, Mehmet FiratBarone-Adesi, FrancescoBarteit, SandraBashiru, Hameed AkandeBaskaran, PritishBastan, Mohammad-MahdiBasu, SanjayBasu, SauravBelay, Sefealem AssefaBelayneh, MelesseBeloukas, ApostolosBennett, Derrick ABhagat, Devidas SBhandari, DineshBhardwaj, PankajBhaskar, SonuBhat, Ajay NageshBhattacharjee, PriyadarshiniBhatti, Gurjit KaurBhatti, Manpreet S SinghBilgin, CemBoampong, Mary SefaBoppana, Sri HarshaBosoka, Samuel AdolfBoudalia, SofianeCao, FanChandika, Rama MohanChanie, Gashaw SisayChattu, Vijay KumarChaudhary, Anis AhmadChaurasia, AkhilanandChen, GuangjinChen, YifanChimoriya, RiteshChong, BryanChristopher, Devasahayam JChukwu, Isaac SundayCohen, Aaron JCruz-Martins, NataliaDadras, OmidDai, XiaochenDaikwo, Patience UnekwuojoDarcho, Samuel DemissieDas, SaswatiDelgado-Saborit, Juana MariaDesye, BelayDey, SagnikDhimal, MeghnathDiaz, DanielDo, Thanh ChiDoshi, Ojas PrakashbhaiE'mar, Abdel RahmanEbrahimi, AlirezaEdinur, Hisham AtanEftekharimehrabad, AzizEkundayo, Temitope CyrusEl Bayoumy, Ibrahim FarahatEmdadul Haque, SyedEmeto, Theophilus IEnyew, Habtamu DemelashFahim, AyeshaFakunle, Adekunle GregoryFaridi, SasanFazylov, TimurFeizkhah, AlirezaFischer, FlorianFolayan, Morenike OluwatoyinG, SrideviGadanya, Muktar AGao, XiangGebregergis, Miglas WelayGebrehiwot, MesfinGebremeskel, Teferi GebruGhasemzadeh, AfsanehGhith, NerminGolechha, MahaveerGolinelli, DavideGuan, Shi-YangGuo, ZhifengGupta, BhawnaGupta, LalitHalwani, RabihHasaballah, Ahmed IHasnain, Md SaquibHay, Simon IHeyi, Demisu ZenbabaHezam, KamalHoan, Nguyen QuocHolla, RameshHosseinzadeh, HassanHu, ChengxiHuynh, Hong-HanHwang, Bing-FangIbitoye, Segun EmmanuelIdowu, Oluwatope OlaniyiIkiroma, AdaliaImmurana, MustaphaInok, AritIqhrammullah, MuhammadIslam, Rakibul MIslam, Sheikh Mohammed SharifulJ, VinothiniJairoun, Ammar AbdulrahmanJaiswal, AbhishekJakovljevic, MihajloJalilzadeh Yengejeh, RezaJanodia, Manthan DilipkumarJayaram, ShubhaJema, Alelign TasewJha, Ravi PrakashJonas, Jost BJoseph, NitinKadashetti, VidyaKanmodi, Kehinde KazeemKansal, Sushil KumarKaraye, Ibraheem MKayode, Gbenga AKhajuria, HimanshuKhalaji, AmirmohammadKhanal, VishnuKhatab, KhaledKheirallah, Khalid AKhosla, Atulya AmanKhosravi, MajidKM, ShivakumarKnibbs, Luke DKoren, GerbrandKoul, Parvaiz AKrishan, KewalKuate Defo, BarthelemyKuddus, MohammedKulimbet, MukhtarKulkarni, VishnutheerthaKumar, AshishKumar, DeweshKumar, NithinKurmi, Om PLahariya, ChandrakantLai, HanpengLan, TuoLauriola, PaoloLe, Nhi Huu HanhLee, MunjaeLee, Seung WonLim, Stephen SLiu, GangLiu, ShukeLiu, WeiLópez-Gil, José FranciscoLusk, Jay BMaharaj, Sandeep BMalhotra, KashishMalik, Ahmad AzamMalik, IramMalinga, Lesibana AnthonyMathioudakis, Alexander GMattiello, RitaMaugeri, AndreaMekene Meto, TesfahunMeles, Hadush NegashMenezes, Ritesh GMeo, Sultan AyoubMereta, Seid TikuMeretoja, Tuomo JMestrovic, TomislavMhlanga, LauretteMiller, Ted RMirica, AndreeaMirrakhimov, Erkin MMirza, MoonisMisganaw, AwokeMithra, PrasannaMohamed, JamaMohamed, Nouh SaadMohammadian-Hafshejani, AbdollahMohammed, MustaphaMohammed, ShafiuMokdad, Ali HMomani, ShaherMondal, HimelMorawska, LidiaMotappa, RohithMubarik, SumairaMunjal, KavitaMunkhsaikhan, YanjinlkhamMurray, Christopher J LMyung, WoojaeNair, SanjeevNangia, VinayNaveed, MuhammadNawsherwanNdejjo, RawlanceNguyen, DangNguyen, Hien QuangNguyen, Van ThanhNikolouzakis, Taxiarchis KonstantinosNiranjan, VikramNoman, Efaq AliNoor, Syed Toukir AhmedNorouzian Baghani, AbbasNoubiap, Jean JacquesNzoputam, Ogochukwu JanetOancea, BogdanOdetokun, Ismail AOdo, Daniel BogaleOfakunrin, Akinyemi O DOghenetega, Onome BrightOkonji, Osaretin ChristabelOlagunju, Andrew TOlasehinde, Tosin AbiolaOlufadewa, Isaac IyinoluwaOluwatunase, Gideon OlamilekanOmar Bali, AhmedOmmati, Mohammad MehdiOmotayo, Abiodun OlusolaOndayo, Maureene AumaOtoiu, AdrianOwolabi, Mayowa OP A, Mahesh PadukudruPadubidri, Jagadish RaoPantazopoulos, IoannisPardhan, ShahinaParija, Pragyan ParamitaParikh, Romil RPark, Eun-KeeParthasarathi, AshwaghoshaPatel, JayPati, SiddharthaPawar, ShrikantPeprah, PrincePereira, GavinPerianayagam, ArokiasamyPham, Hoang TranPoluru, RameshPourshams, AkramPradhan, JalandharPrates, Elton Junio SadyPribadi, Dimas Ria AnggaPuvvula, JagadeeshRafiee, AtaRaghav, PankajaRahim, FakherRahman, Mohammad Hifz UrRahman, MosiurRahman, Muhammad AzizRahmani, Amir MasoudRahmanian, MohammadRajaa, SathishRajabi, RayanRajput, PrashantRamadan, Mahmoud MohammedRana, JuwelRana, KritikaRanabhat, Chhabi LalRasali, Drona PrakashRauniyar, Santosh KumarRawaf, SalmanRedwan, Elrashdy M Moustafa MohamedRezaei, NazilaRodriguez, Jefferson Antonio BuendiaRöhr, SusanneRoshandel, GholamrezaRout, Himanshu SekharRoy, PriyankaRusso, MicheleSabet, Cameron JohnSaddik, Basema AhmadSaeed, UmarSaheb Sharif-Askari, NarjesSahebkar, AmirhosseinSahoo, Pragyan MonalisaSalami, Afeez AbolarinwaSalihu, DaudaSamy, Abdallah MSantric-Milicevic, Milena MSarkar, TanmaySatpathy, MaheswarSaya, Ganesh KumarSayeed, Md AbuSchumacher, Austin ESergindo, Mihretu TagesseSethi, YashendraSeylani, AllenShahid, SamiahSham, SunderShamim, Muhammad AaqibShamsi, AnasSheikh, AzizShetty, Pavanchand HShittu, AminuShiue, IvySiddig, Emmanuel EdwarSingh, ParamdeepSingh, SurjitSiraj, Md ShahjahanStanaway, Jeffrey DStockfelt, LeoStraif, KurtSwain, Chandan KumarSwami Vetha, Berwin SinghTabatabaei, Seyyed MohammadTampa, MirceaTang, HaosuTanwar, ManojTarkang, Elvis EnowbeyangTefera, Yibekal ManayeTemsah, Mohamad-HaniTemsah, Reem Mohamad HaniThakur, RamnaThienemann, FriedrichTibebu, Nigusie SelomonTiwari, KrishnaTovani-Palone, Marcos RobertoTripathy, Jaya PrasadTsatsakis, AristidisTumurkhuu, MunkhtuyaUdoakang, Aniefiok JohnUllah, SanaVahdati, SanazVaziri, SiavashVerma, MadhurVidale, SimoneVillani, SimonaVohra, KarnVos, TheoWassie, Gizachew TadesseWeldetinsaa, Haftom LegeseWerkneh, Adhena AyaliewWickramasinghe, Nuwan DarshanaWojewodzic, Marcin WWonde, Tewodros EsheteWu, FeliciaWu, ZenghongXiao, HongXu, SuowenYadav, Mukesh KumarYahoo Syed, SabaYaya, SanniYiğit, ArzuYiğit, VahitYin, DehuiYon, Dong KeonYonemoto, NaohiroYu, ChuanhuaZaki, LeilaZeariya, Mohammed G MZeng, YoujieZhai, ChunxiaZhang, HaijunZhang, ZhiqiangZhu, BinZyoud, Sa'ed HZyoud, Samer HBrauer, MichaelBurkart, KatrinHousehold Air Pollution (HAP)ExposureAttributable BurdenFine Particulate Matter (PM2.5)Global Health ImpactBackgroundDespite a substantial reduction in the use of solid fuels for cooking worldwide, exposure to household air pollution (HAP) remains a leading global risk factor, contributing considerably to the burden of disease. We present a comprehensive analysis of spatial patterns and temporal trends in exposure and attributable disease from 1990 to 2021, featuring substantial methodological updates compared with previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, including improved exposure estimations accounting for specific fuel types. MethodsWe estimated HAP exposure and trends and attributable burden for cataract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, tracheal cancer, bronchus cancer, lung cancer, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and causes mediated via adverse reproductive outcomes for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. We first estimated the mean fuel type-specific concentrations (in μg/m3) of fine particulate matter (PM2·5) pollution to which individuals using solid fuels for cooking were exposed, categorised by fuel type, location, year, age, and sex. Using a systematic review of the epidemiological literature and a newly developed meta-regression tool (meta-regression: Bayesian, regularised, trimmed), we derived disease-specific, non-parametric exposure–response curves to estimate relative risk as a function of PM2·5 concentration. We combined our exposure estimates and relative risks to estimate population attributable fractions and attributable burden for each cause by sex, age, location, and year. FindingsIn 2021, 2·67 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·63–2·71) people, 33·8% (95% UI 33·2–34·3) of the global population, were exposed to HAP from all sources at a mean concentration of 84·2 μg/m3. Although these figures show a notable reduction in the percentage of the global population exposed in 1990 (56·7%, 56·4–57·1), in absolute terms, there has been only a decline of 0·35 billion (10%) from the 3·02 billion people exposed to HAP in 1990. In 2021, 111 million (95% UI 75·1–164) global disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were attributable to HAP, accounting for 3·9% (95% UI 2·6–5·7) of all DALYs. The rate of global, HAP-attributable DALYs in 2021 was 1500·3 (95% UI 1028·4–2195·6) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population, a decline of 63·8% since 1990, when HAP-attributable DALYs comprised 4147·7 (3101·4–5104·6) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population. HAP-attributable burden remained highest in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, with 4044·1 (3103·4–5219·7) and 3213·5 (2165·4–4409·4) age-standardised DALYs per 100 000 population, respectively. The rate of HAP-attributable DALYs was higher for males (1530·5, 1023·4–2263·6) than for females (1318·5, 866·1–1977·2). Approximately one-third of the HAP-attributable burden (518·1, 410·1–641·7) was mediated via short gestation and low birthweight. Decomposition of trends and drivers behind changes in the HAP-attributable burden highlighted that declines in exposures were counteracted by population growth in most regions of the world, especially sub-Saharan Africa. InterpretationAlthough the burden attributable to HAP has decreased considerably, HAP remains a substantial risk factor, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. Our comprehensive estimates of HAP exposure and attributable burden offer a robust and reliable resource for health policy makers and practitioners to precisely target and tailor health interventions. Given the persistent and substantial impact of HAP in many regions and countries, it is imperative to accelerate efforts to transition under-resourced communities to cleaner household energy sources. Such initiatives are crucial for mitigating health risks and promoting sustainable development, ultimately improving the quality of life and health outcomes for millions of people. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Elsevier2025-03-23T06:12:52Z2025-03-18Articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02840-X01406736https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067362402840Xhttp://hdl.handle.net/10576/638781474-547Xenhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/638782025-03-23T19:07:34Z
spellingShingle	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Fiona B, Bennitt Household Air Pollution (HAP) Exposure Attributable Burden Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Global Health Impact
status_str	publishedVersion
title	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_fullStr	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full_unstemmed	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_short	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_sort	Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
topic	Household Air Pollution (HAP) Exposure Attributable Burden Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Global Health Impact
url	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02840-X https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014067362402840X http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63878

Global, regional, and national burden of household air pollution, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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