Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BackgroundOverweight and obesity is a global epidemic. Forecasting future trajectories of the epidemic is crucial for providing an evidence base for policy change. In this study, we examine the historical trends of the global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity from 19...
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | article |
| Published: |
2025
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003551 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63505 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1857415085759135744 |
|---|---|
| author | Marie, Ng |
| author2 | Gakidou, Emmanuela Lo, Justin Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Nasir Abbasian, Mohammadreza Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdel-Rahman, Wael M Abd-Elsalam, Sherief Abdollahi, Arash Abdoun, Meriem Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdullahi, Auwal Abedi, Armita Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika Abie, Alemwork Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abohashem, Shady Abtahi, Dariush Abualruz, Hasan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu Farha, Rana Kamal Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME Aburuz, Salahdein Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adams, Lisa C Adane, Mesafint Molla Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola Adegoke, Nurudeen A Adepoju, Abiola Victor Victor Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adiga, Usha Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afaghi, Siamak Afzal, Saira Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Agampodi, Thilini Chanchala Aghamiri, Shahin Agostinis Sobrinho, César Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahlstrom, Austin J Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Fuzail Ahmad, Noah Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akhtar, Samina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Akrami, Ashley E Alalwan, Tariq A Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa Alansari, Amani Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje Algammal, Abdelazeem M Alhabib, Khalid F Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Alhuwail, Dari Ali, Rafat Ali, Abid Ali, Waad Ali, Mohammed Usman Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jabi, Samah W Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Alkhatib, Ahmad Al-Marwani, Sabah Alomari, Mahmoud A Alqahtani, Saleh A Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M Mohammad Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Alrimawi, Intima Alrousan, Sahel Majed Alshahrani, Najim Z Al Ta'ani, Omar Al Ta'ani, Zain Altaany, Zaid Altaf, Awais Al Thaher, Yazan Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed Aly, Safwat Aly, Hany Alzahrani, Hosam Alzoubi, Abdallah Alzoubi, Karem H Al-Zubayer, Md. Akib Amiri, Sohrab Amu, Hubert Amugsi, Dickson A Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Ananda, Roshan A Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anjana, Ranjit Mohan Ansari, Sumbul Ansari, Mohammed Tahir Antony, Catherine M Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anvari, Saeid Anwar, Saleha Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arab, Juan Pablo Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Arifin, Hidayat Arkew, Mesay Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Arooj, Mahwish Artamonov, Anton A Artanti, Kurnia Dwi Arumugam, Ashokan Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Ashraf, Tahira Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asrat, Anemaw A Astell-Burt, Thomas Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atorkey, Prince Atreya, Alok Aumoldaeva, Zaure Maratovna Awad, Hamzeh Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara Azargoonjahromi, Ali Azimi, Amirali Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Azzolino, Domenico Azzopardi, Peter S Babashahi, Mina Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badiye, Ashish D Bagheri, Nasser Bahurupi, Yogesh Bai, Ruhai Baig, Atif Amin Bakkannavar, Shankar M Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin Bam, Kiran Banach, Maciej Banik, Rajon Bardhan, Mainak Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Barquera, Simon Barua, Lingkan Basharat, Zarrin Bashir, Shahid Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Saurav Bayat, Reza Bayih, Mulat Tirfie Beeraka, Narasimha M Begum, Tahmina Bello, Umar Muhammad Bello, Abdulrahman Babatunde Belo, Luis Bensenor, Isabela M Bergami, Maria Berhe, Kidanemaryam Berihun, Abiye Assefa Bhadoria, Ajeet Singh Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhalla, Jaideep Singh Bharadwaj, Ravi Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhaskar, Sonu Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Shuvarthi Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bikov, Andras Bilgin, Cem Bisignano, Catherine Biswas, Bijit Bizzozero Peroni, Bruno Bjertness, Espen Bjørge, Tone Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Borhany, Hamed Bosoka, Samuel Adolf Bouaoud, Souad Boyko, Edward J Braithwaite, Dejana Brazo-Sayavera, Javier Brenner, Hermann Britton, Gabrielle Bryazka, Dana Bugiardini, Raffaele Bui, Linh Phuong Busch, Felix Bustanji, Yasser Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Calina, Daniela Campos, Luciana Aparecida Campos-Nonato, Ismael Cao, Si Cao, Yin Capodici, Angelo Carvalho, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Catapano, Alberico L Cattafesta, Monica Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Cegolon, Luca Cembranel, Francieli Cenko, Edina Cerin, Ester Cernigliaro, Achille Chadwick, Joshua Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chan, Raymond N C Chang, Jung-Chen Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chaurasia, Akhilanand Chen, Guangjin Chen, An-Tian Chen, Haowei Cheng, Esther T W Chew, Nicholas WS Chi, Gerald Chimoriya, Ritesh Ching, Patrick R Choi, Dong-Woo Chong, Bryan Chopra, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chou, Hou In Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Chung, Sunghyun Chung, Sheng-Chia Chutiyami, Muhammad Cini, Karly I Cioffi, Iolanda Cogen, Rebecca M Collado-Mateo, Daniel Columbus, Alyssa Conrad, Nathalie Criqui, Michael H Cruz-Martins, Natalia Cummins, Steven D'Amico, Emanuele D'Anna, Lucio D'Oria, Mario Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Dalakoti, Mayank Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn Darcho, Samuel Demissie Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Reza da Silva, Alanna Gomes Davletov, Kairat Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Derbew Molla, Meseret Dergaa, Ismail Desale, Aragaw Tesfaw Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devegowda, Devananda Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman Dhali, Arkadeep Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dhimal, Meghnath Dhungel, Bibha Diaz, Daniel Dinu, Monica Dodangeh, Milad Dohare, Sushil Dokova, Klara Georgieva Dolatkhah, Neda do Prado, Camila Bruneli Dorostkar, Fariba Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai Dowou, Robert Kokou Dsouza, Viola Savy Du, Mi Dumith, Samuel C Dumuid, Dorothea Duncan, Bruce B Dutta, Sulagna Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian Ebrahimi, Alireza Eftekhari, Behrad Eighaei Sedeh, Ashkan Ekholuenetale, Michael Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed El Arab, Rabie Adel El-Ashker, Said Elbarazi, Iffat El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat Elgendy, Islam Y Elhadi, Muhammed El-Huneidi, Waseem El-Metwally, Ashraf A Elmonem, Mohamed A Elnaem, Mohamed Hassan Elsheikh, Randa Elsohaby, Ibrahim Eltaha, Chadi Emeto, Theophilus I Eslami, Maysa Eze, Ugochukwu Anthony Fadavian, Heidar Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Farooque, Umar Farrokhpour, Hossein Fasusi, Samuel Aanuoluwapo Fazeli, Patrick Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Feng, Xiaoqi Fernandes, João C Fernandez-Jimenez, Rodrigo Ferreira, Nuno Feyisa, Bikila Regassa Fischer, Florian Flood, David Foigt, Nataliya A Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich Foroumadi, Roham Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia Foschi, Matteo Fotouhi, Maryam Francis, Kate Louise Franklin, Richard Charles Gába, Aleš Gadanya, Muktar A Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Galali, Yaseen Gallus, Silvano Ganesan, Balasankar Gangachannaiah, Shivaprakash Gastélum Espinoza, Wendy Paola Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Getacher, Lemma Ghadirian, Fataneh Ghaffari Jolfayi, Amir Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Gil, Artyom Urievich Gill, Tiffany K Gnedovskaya, Elena V Golechha, Mahaveer Golinelli, Davide Grivna, Michal Grover, Ashna Guan, Zhongyang Guan, Shi-Yang Guarducci, Giovanni Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Guha, Avirup Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga Guo, Zheng Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Anish Kumar Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Hadi, Najah R Hadian, Zahra Hamdy, Nadia M Hameed, Sajid Hamidi, Samer Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad Hanif, Asif Hanifi, Nasrin Hankey, Graeme J Haq, Allie Harlianto, Netanja I Haro, Josep Maria Hartono, Risky Kusuma Hasan, Faizul Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem Hasnain, Md Saquib Hassan, Amr Hassan, Nageeb Hassanipour, Soheil Hassanzade Rad, Afagh Havmoeller, Rasmus J Hay, Simon I He, Wen-Qiang Hebert, Jeffrey J Heidari, Golnaz Hemmati, Mehdi Hiraike, Yuta Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Hoang, Mai Holla, Ramesh Hoogar, Praveen Hopkins, Ashley Mark Hossain, Alamgir Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mihaela Htay, Zin Wai Hu, Chengxi Huang, Junjie Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes Husseiny, Mohamed Ibrahim Huynh, Hong-Han Iavicoli, Ivo Ibrayeva, Anel Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Imam, Mohammad Tarique Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja Inok, Arit Irham, Lalu Muhammad Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Iso, Hiroyasu Isola, Gaetano Ituka, Mosimah Charles Iwagami, Masao Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana Iyasu, Assefa N J, Vinothini Jacob, Louis Jaffar, Shabbar Jahrami, Haitham Jain, Akhil Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalloh, Mohamed Lamrana Javaid, Syed Sarmad Jayapal, Sathish Kumar Jayarajah, Umesh Jayaram, Shubha Jebai, Rime Jebasingh, Felix K Jema, Alelign Tasew Jokar, Mohammad Jonas, Jost B Jose, Jobinse Joseph, Nitin Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Jürisson, Mikk Kaambwa, Billingsley Kabir, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kakkar, Ashish Kumar Kalra, Sanjay Kamarajah, Sivesh Kathir Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kankam, Samuel Berchi Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kapoor, Neeti Karajizadeh, Mehrdad Karakasis, Paschalis Karasneh, Reema A Karimi, Yeganeh Karimi Behnagh, Arman Kassebaum, Nicholas J Kauppila, Joonas H Kayode, Gbenga A Kehagias, Dimitrios Kerr, Jessica A Keshwani, Ariz Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle Keykhaei, Mohammad Khaing, Inn Kynn Khajuria, Himanshu Khalili, Pantea Khalilian, Alireza Khalis, Mohamed Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Maseer Khan, Nusrat Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Ajmal Khan, Moien AB Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khayamzadeh, Maryam Khidri, Feriha Fatima Khorashadizadeh, Fatemeh Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Sepehr Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood Khubchandani, Jagdish Khusun, Helda Kim, Jinho Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kishore, Ladli Kivimäki, Mika Kokkorakis, Michail Kolahi, Ali-Asghar Kompani, Farzad Korzh, Oleksii Kostev, Karel Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Kretchy, Irene Akwo Krishan, Kewal Kua, Chong-Han Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Kumar, Ashish Kumar, Vijay Kumar, G Anil Kundu, Satyajit Kunutsor, Setor K Kurmi, Om P Kurniasari, Maria Dyah Kusuma, Dian Kytö, Ville Lacey, Ben Lahariya, Chandrakant Lai, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Hanpeng Landires, Iván Larijani, Bagher Latief, Kamaluddin La Vecchia, Carlo Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Munjae Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Seung Won Lee, Paul H Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Yongze Li, Weilong Lim, Stephen S Lin, Queran Lin, Jialing Lindholm, Daniel Lindstedt, Paulina A Liu, Simin Llanaj, Erand López-Gil, José Francisco Lorkowski, Stefan Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lugo, Alessandra Lutambi, Angelina M Lv, Lei Lytvyak, Ellina Ma, Zheng Feei Machoy, Monika Magaña Gómez, Javier A Maghbouli, Nastaran Mahalleh, Mehrdad Mahmood, Nozad H Mahmoudi, Elham Maiti, Rituparna Makris, Konstantinos Christos C Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malta, Deborah Carvalho Mamun, Abdullah A Mansourian, Marjan Manu, Emmanuel Marateb, Hamid Reza Marino, Mirko Marjani, Abdoljalal Martinez-Piedra, Ramon Martini, Santi Martorell, Miquel Marzouk, Sammer Masi, Stefano Masrouri, Soroush Mathangasinghe, Yasith Mathur, Manu Raj Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido Matthias, Thushara Mattiello, Rita Mazidi, Mohsen McPhail, Steven M Mechili, Enkeleint A Mehboob, Riffat Mehmood, Asim Mehndiratta, Man Mohan Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Mendoza, Walter Menezes, Ritesh G Mengistie, Emiru Ayalew Meo, Sultan Ayoub Mestrovic, Tomislav Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina Miller, Ted R Mini, GK Mirrakhimov, Erkin M Misganaw, Awoke Mittal, Madhukar Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Jama Mohammad, Taj Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Mustapha Mokdad, Ali H Mondello, Stefania Moni, Mohammad Ali Moradi, Maryam Morrison, Shane Douglas Mossialos, Elias Motappa, Rohith Mulita, Francesk Mullany, Erin C Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murillo-Zamora, Efren Musa, Sani Mustafa, Ghulam Muthu, Sathish Myung, Woojae Naghavi, Pirouz Naghavi, Mohsen Naik, Ganesh R Naik, Hiten Nambi, Gopal Nangia, Vinay Nansseu, Jobert Richie Nascimento, Gustavo G Nassar, Mahmoud Natto, Zuhair S Nauman, Javaid Naureen, Zakira Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Nayak, Biswa Prakash Nayon, Md Fahad Shahariar Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Negahdary, Masoud Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria Nematollahi, Soroush Nepal, Samata Netsere, Henok Biresaw Ngunjiri, Josephine W Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Phuong The Niazi, Robina Khan Nieddu, Luciano Niknam, Mahdieh Nikoobar, Ali Nkeck, Jan Rene Nomura, Shuhei Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noreen, Mamoona Noroozi, Masoud Nawsherwan Noubiap, Jean Jacques Nouri, Mehran Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi Nugen, Fred Nurrika, Dieta Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet O'Connell, Erin M Oancea, Bogdan Oguta, James Odhiambo Oh, In-Hwan Okati-Aliabad, Hassan Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Olalusi, Oladotun Victor Olanrewaju, Timothy Olusegun Olasupo, Omotola O Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Arão Belitardo Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris Omar, Hany A Omar Bali, Ahmed Opitz, Marcel Ordak, Michal Ortiz, Alberto Osborne, Augustus Osman, Wael M S Osman, Alaa A M Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi Otoiu, Adrian Oumer, Abdu Ouyahia, Amel Owolabi, Mayowa O Owusu, Irene Amoakoh Oyebola, Kolapo P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padron-Monedero, Alicia Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Panda, Sujogya Kumar Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Pandey, Anamika Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R Pardhan, Shahina Parekh, Utsav Parija, Pragyan Paramita Parikh, Romil R Park, Eun-Cheol Pashaei, Ava Passera, Roberto Patel, Hemal M Pathan, Aslam Ramjan Patoulias, Dimitrios Patton, George C Paudel, Susan Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza Pensato, Umberto Peprah, Prince Pereira, Gavin Pereira, Marcos Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Perico, Norberto Perna, Simone Petcu, Ionela-Roxana Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily Pham, Hoang Nhat Polibin, Roman V Popovic, Djordje S Pourghazi, Farzad Pourshams, Akram Pradhan, Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Prasad, Manya Prashant, Akila Prates, Elton Junio Sady Putra, I Gusti Ngurah Edi Puvvula, Jagadeesh Qattea, Ibrahim Qiu, Jia-Yong Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radojčić, Maja R Raggi, Catalina Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Fryad Majeed Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahmani, Saeed Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum Rai, Rajesh Kumar Raimondo, Ivano Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep Rajput, Prashant Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramasamy, Chitra Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rashedi, Sina Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan Rathish, Devarajan Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rautalin, Ilari Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed Rege, Sanika Reis-Mendes, Ana Remuzzi, Giuseppe Rezaei, Nazila Rezaeian, Mohsen Rezazadeh, Hossein Rhee, Taeho Gregory Rocha-Gomes, João Rocha Rodrigues, Mónica Rodrigues da Silva, Thales Philipe Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Roever, Leonardo Rohloff, Peter Romadlon, Debby Syahru Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan Roshandel, Gholamreza Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Nitai Rwegerera, Godfrey M Saad, Aly M A Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed Sabet, Cameron John Sadarangani, Kabir P Saddik, Basema Ahmad Sadeghi, Masoumeh Saeb, Mohammad Reza Saeed, Umar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar Safi, Sher Zaman Saghazadeh, Amene Sagoe, Dominic Sahebkar, Amirhossein Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sajid, Mirza Rizwan Salaroli, Luciane B Saleh, Mohamed A Salem, Marwa Rashad Salimi, Sohrab Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo Samuel, Vijaya Paul Samy, Abdallah M Santhekadur, Prasanna K Santric-Milicevic, Milena M Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saraswati, Ushasi Saravanan, Aswini Sari, Dianis Wulan Sarkar, Tanmay Sarmadi, Mohammad Sarode, Sachin C Sarode, Gargi Sachin Sassano, Michele Sathian, Brijesh Saya, Ganesh Kumar Schinckus, Christophe Schmidt, Maria Inês Schuermans, Art Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth Sebastian, Sneha Annie Selvaraj, Siddharthan Semreen, Mohammad H Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret Sengupta, Pallav Senol, Yigit Can Senthilkumaran, Subramanian Sepanlou, Sadaf G Sethi, Yashendra Seylani, Allen Shafie, Mahan Shah, Sweni Shah, Syed Mahboob Shahid, Samiah Shahrahmani, Fatemeh Shahwan, Moyad Jamal Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran Shamsi, Anas Shamsutdinova, Alfiya Shan, Dan Shanawaz, Mohd Shannawaz, Mohammed Sharath, Medha Sharfaei, Sadaf Sharifan, Amin Sharma, Anupam Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Vishal Sheida, Fateme Sheikhy, Ali Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shetty, Pavanchand H Shibuya, Kenji Shiferaw, Desalegn Shin, Min-Jeong Shiri, Rahman Shittu, Aminu Shool, Sina Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Shrestha, Rajan Shuval, Kerem Si, Yafei Sibuyi, Nicole R S Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Siddiqi, Ahmed Kamal Sikdar, Mithun Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Singh, Surjit Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Amit Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Baljinder Singh, Kalpana Singh, Puneetpal Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna Smith, Amanda E Smith, Georgia Soliman, Sameh S M Soraneh, Soroush Sorensen, Reed J D Spartalis, Michael Srichawla, Bahadar S Stachteas, Panagiotis Starodubova, Antonina V Straif, Kurt Stubbs, Pete Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan Suleiman Odidi, Muritala Odidi Sulkowski, Aleksander Sultan Meo, Anusha Sun, Jing Sun, Zhong Sunny, Sumam Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra Tabatabai, Shima Tabche, Celine Tabish, Mohammad Taiba, Jabeen Talic, Stella Tampa, Mircea Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze Tan, Ker-Kan Tanwar, Manoj Tariq, Saba Tat, Nathan Y Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Teramoto, Masayuki Terefa, Dufera Rikitu Tewari, Jay Thapar, Rekha Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna Tiwari, Krishna Tomo, Sojit Tonelli, Marcello Touvier, Mathilde Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Trabelsi, Khaled Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Thang Huu Tran Minh Duc, Nguyen Trico, Domenico Trihandini, Indang Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Tsatsakis, Aristidis Tse, Gary Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya T Y, Sree Sudha Tye, Sok Cin Tyrovolas, Stefanos Udoakang, Aniefiok John Ullah, Shahid Ullah, Saeed Umair, Muhammad Umar, Umar Muhammad Umar, Lawan Unim, Brigid Upadhya, Dinesh Upadhyay, Era Usman, Jibrin Sammani Ustunsoz, Damla Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Van den Eynde, Jef Varghese, Joe Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Vaziri, Siavash Vellingiri, Balachandar Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy Verma, Madhur Verma, Anjul Verras, Georgios-Ioannis Vidale, Simone Villalobos-Daniel, Victor E Vinayak, Manish Vlassov, Vasily Vos, Theo Vukovic, Rade Wahidin, Mugi Wahiduzzaman, Mohammad Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Shu Wang, Cong Wang, Xingxin Wanjau, Mary Njeri Waqar, Ahmed Bilal Waqas, Muhammad Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Wei, Fei-Long Wicaksana, Anggi Lukman Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth Willeit, Peter Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wonde, Tewodros Eshete Wongsin, Utoomporn Xia, Qing Xie, Wanqing Xu, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Yamagishi, Kazumasa Yano, Yuichiro Yao, Haiqiang Yarahmadi, Amir Yaribeygi, Habib Yesuf, Subah Abderehim Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yu, Chuanhua Yuan, Chun-Wei Yuce, Deniz Yunusa, Ismaeel Zaman, Sojib Bin Zare, Iman Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Jingya Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Casper J P Zheng, David X Zheng, Peng Zhong, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhou, Jiayan Zhu, Bin Zhumagaliuly, Abzal Zielińska, Magdalena Zoghi, Ghazal Zou, Zhiyong Zweck, Elric Zyoud, Sa'ed H Murray, Christopher J L Sawyer, Susan M Vollset, Stein Emil |
| author2_role | author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author |
| author_facet | Marie, Ng Gakidou, Emmanuela Lo, Justin Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Nasir Abbasian, Mohammadreza Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdel-Rahman, Wael M Abd-Elsalam, Sherief Abdollahi, Arash Abdoun, Meriem Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdullahi, Auwal Abedi, Armita Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika Abie, Alemwork Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abohashem, Shady Abtahi, Dariush Abualruz, Hasan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu Farha, Rana Kamal Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME Aburuz, Salahdein Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adams, Lisa C Adane, Mesafint Molla Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola Adegoke, Nurudeen A Adepoju, Abiola Victor Victor Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adiga, Usha Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afaghi, Siamak Afzal, Saira Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Agampodi, Thilini Chanchala Aghamiri, Shahin Agostinis Sobrinho, César Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahlstrom, Austin J Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Fuzail Ahmad, Noah Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akhtar, Samina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Akrami, Ashley E Alalwan, Tariq A Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa Alansari, Amani Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje Algammal, Abdelazeem M Alhabib, Khalid F Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Alhuwail, Dari Ali, Rafat Ali, Abid Ali, Waad Ali, Mohammed Usman Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jabi, Samah W Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Alkhatib, Ahmad Al-Marwani, Sabah Alomari, Mahmoud A Alqahtani, Saleh A Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M Mohammad Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Alrimawi, Intima Alrousan, Sahel Majed Alshahrani, Najim Z Al Ta'ani, Omar Al Ta'ani, Zain Altaany, Zaid Altaf, Awais Al Thaher, Yazan Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed Aly, Safwat Aly, Hany Alzahrani, Hosam Alzoubi, Abdallah Alzoubi, Karem H Al-Zubayer, Md. Akib Amiri, Sohrab Amu, Hubert Amugsi, Dickson A Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Ananda, Roshan A Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anjana, Ranjit Mohan Ansari, Sumbul Ansari, Mohammed Tahir Antony, Catherine M Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anvari, Saeid Anwar, Saleha Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arab, Juan Pablo Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Arifin, Hidayat Arkew, Mesay Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Arooj, Mahwish Artamonov, Anton A Artanti, Kurnia Dwi Arumugam, Ashokan Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Ashraf, Tahira Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asrat, Anemaw A Astell-Burt, Thomas Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atorkey, Prince Atreya, Alok Aumoldaeva, Zaure Maratovna Awad, Hamzeh Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara Azargoonjahromi, Ali Azimi, Amirali Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Azzolino, Domenico Azzopardi, Peter S Babashahi, Mina Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badiye, Ashish D Bagheri, Nasser Bahurupi, Yogesh Bai, Ruhai Baig, Atif Amin Bakkannavar, Shankar M Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin Bam, Kiran Banach, Maciej Banik, Rajon Bardhan, Mainak Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Barquera, Simon Barua, Lingkan Basharat, Zarrin Bashir, Shahid Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Saurav Bayat, Reza Bayih, Mulat Tirfie Beeraka, Narasimha M Begum, Tahmina Bello, Umar Muhammad Bello, Abdulrahman Babatunde Belo, Luis Bensenor, Isabela M Bergami, Maria Berhe, Kidanemaryam Berihun, Abiye Assefa Bhadoria, Ajeet Singh Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhalla, Jaideep Singh Bharadwaj, Ravi Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhaskar, Sonu Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Shuvarthi Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bikov, Andras Bilgin, Cem Bisignano, Catherine Biswas, Bijit Bizzozero Peroni, Bruno Bjertness, Espen Bjørge, Tone Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Borhany, Hamed Bosoka, Samuel Adolf Bouaoud, Souad Boyko, Edward J Braithwaite, Dejana Brazo-Sayavera, Javier Brenner, Hermann Britton, Gabrielle Bryazka, Dana Bugiardini, Raffaele Bui, Linh Phuong Busch, Felix Bustanji, Yasser Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Calina, Daniela Campos, Luciana Aparecida Campos-Nonato, Ismael Cao, Si Cao, Yin Capodici, Angelo Carvalho, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Catapano, Alberico L Cattafesta, Monica Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Cegolon, Luca Cembranel, Francieli Cenko, Edina Cerin, Ester Cernigliaro, Achille Chadwick, Joshua Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chan, Raymond N C Chang, Jung-Chen Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chaurasia, Akhilanand Chen, Guangjin Chen, An-Tian Chen, Haowei Cheng, Esther T W Chew, Nicholas WS Chi, Gerald Chimoriya, Ritesh Ching, Patrick R Choi, Dong-Woo Chong, Bryan Chopra, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chou, Hou In Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Chung, Sunghyun Chung, Sheng-Chia Chutiyami, Muhammad Cini, Karly I Cioffi, Iolanda Cogen, Rebecca M Collado-Mateo, Daniel Columbus, Alyssa Conrad, Nathalie Criqui, Michael H Cruz-Martins, Natalia Cummins, Steven D'Amico, Emanuele D'Anna, Lucio D'Oria, Mario Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Dalakoti, Mayank Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn Darcho, Samuel Demissie Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Reza da Silva, Alanna Gomes Davletov, Kairat Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Derbew Molla, Meseret Dergaa, Ismail Desale, Aragaw Tesfaw Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devegowda, Devananda Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman Dhali, Arkadeep Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dhimal, Meghnath Dhungel, Bibha Diaz, Daniel Dinu, Monica Dodangeh, Milad Dohare, Sushil Dokova, Klara Georgieva Dolatkhah, Neda do Prado, Camila Bruneli Dorostkar, Fariba Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai Dowou, Robert Kokou Dsouza, Viola Savy Du, Mi Dumith, Samuel C Dumuid, Dorothea Duncan, Bruce B Dutta, Sulagna Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian Ebrahimi, Alireza Eftekhari, Behrad Eighaei Sedeh, Ashkan Ekholuenetale, Michael Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed El Arab, Rabie Adel El-Ashker, Said Elbarazi, Iffat El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat Elgendy, Islam Y Elhadi, Muhammed El-Huneidi, Waseem El-Metwally, Ashraf A Elmonem, Mohamed A Elnaem, Mohamed Hassan Elsheikh, Randa Elsohaby, Ibrahim Eltaha, Chadi Emeto, Theophilus I Eslami, Maysa Eze, Ugochukwu Anthony Fadavian, Heidar Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Farooque, Umar Farrokhpour, Hossein Fasusi, Samuel Aanuoluwapo Fazeli, Patrick Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Feng, Xiaoqi Fernandes, João C Fernandez-Jimenez, Rodrigo Ferreira, Nuno Feyisa, Bikila Regassa Fischer, Florian Flood, David Foigt, Nataliya A Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich Foroumadi, Roham Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia Foschi, Matteo Fotouhi, Maryam Francis, Kate Louise Franklin, Richard Charles Gába, Aleš Gadanya, Muktar A Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Galali, Yaseen Gallus, Silvano Ganesan, Balasankar Gangachannaiah, Shivaprakash Gastélum Espinoza, Wendy Paola Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Getacher, Lemma Ghadirian, Fataneh Ghaffari Jolfayi, Amir Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Gil, Artyom Urievich Gill, Tiffany K Gnedovskaya, Elena V Golechha, Mahaveer Golinelli, Davide Grivna, Michal Grover, Ashna Guan, Zhongyang Guan, Shi-Yang Guarducci, Giovanni Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Guha, Avirup Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga Guo, Zheng Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Anish Kumar Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Hadi, Najah R Hadian, Zahra Hamdy, Nadia M Hameed, Sajid Hamidi, Samer Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad Hanif, Asif Hanifi, Nasrin Hankey, Graeme J Haq, Allie Harlianto, Netanja I Haro, Josep Maria Hartono, Risky Kusuma Hasan, Faizul Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem Hasnain, Md Saquib Hassan, Amr Hassan, Nageeb Hassanipour, Soheil Hassanzade Rad, Afagh Havmoeller, Rasmus J Hay, Simon I He, Wen-Qiang Hebert, Jeffrey J Heidari, Golnaz Hemmati, Mehdi Hiraike, Yuta Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Hoang, Mai Holla, Ramesh Hoogar, Praveen Hopkins, Ashley Mark Hossain, Alamgir Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mihaela Htay, Zin Wai Hu, Chengxi Huang, Junjie Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes Husseiny, Mohamed Ibrahim Huynh, Hong-Han Iavicoli, Ivo Ibrayeva, Anel Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Imam, Mohammad Tarique Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja Inok, Arit Irham, Lalu Muhammad Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Iso, Hiroyasu Isola, Gaetano Ituka, Mosimah Charles Iwagami, Masao Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana Iyasu, Assefa N J, Vinothini Jacob, Louis Jaffar, Shabbar Jahrami, Haitham Jain, Akhil Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalloh, Mohamed Lamrana Javaid, Syed Sarmad Jayapal, Sathish Kumar Jayarajah, Umesh Jayaram, Shubha Jebai, Rime Jebasingh, Felix K Jema, Alelign Tasew Jokar, Mohammad Jonas, Jost B Jose, Jobinse Joseph, Nitin Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Jürisson, Mikk Kaambwa, Billingsley Kabir, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kakkar, Ashish Kumar Kalra, Sanjay Kamarajah, Sivesh Kathir Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kankam, Samuel Berchi Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kapoor, Neeti Karajizadeh, Mehrdad Karakasis, Paschalis Karasneh, Reema A Karimi, Yeganeh Karimi Behnagh, Arman Kassebaum, Nicholas J Kauppila, Joonas H Kayode, Gbenga A Kehagias, Dimitrios Kerr, Jessica A Keshwani, Ariz Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle Keykhaei, Mohammad Khaing, Inn Kynn Khajuria, Himanshu Khalili, Pantea Khalilian, Alireza Khalis, Mohamed Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Maseer Khan, Nusrat Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Ajmal Khan, Moien AB Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khayamzadeh, Maryam Khidri, Feriha Fatima Khorashadizadeh, Fatemeh Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Sepehr Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood Khubchandani, Jagdish Khusun, Helda Kim, Jinho Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kishore, Ladli Kivimäki, Mika Kokkorakis, Michail Kolahi, Ali-Asghar Kompani, Farzad Korzh, Oleksii Kostev, Karel Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Kretchy, Irene Akwo Krishan, Kewal Kua, Chong-Han Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Kumar, Ashish Kumar, Vijay Kumar, G Anil Kundu, Satyajit Kunutsor, Setor K Kurmi, Om P Kurniasari, Maria Dyah Kusuma, Dian Kytö, Ville Lacey, Ben Lahariya, Chandrakant Lai, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Hanpeng Landires, Iván Larijani, Bagher Latief, Kamaluddin La Vecchia, Carlo Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Munjae Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Seung Won Lee, Paul H Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Yongze Li, Weilong Lim, Stephen S Lin, Queran Lin, Jialing Lindholm, Daniel Lindstedt, Paulina A Liu, Simin Llanaj, Erand López-Gil, José Francisco Lorkowski, Stefan Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lugo, Alessandra Lutambi, Angelina M Lv, Lei Lytvyak, Ellina Ma, Zheng Feei Machoy, Monika Magaña Gómez, Javier A Maghbouli, Nastaran Mahalleh, Mehrdad Mahmood, Nozad H Mahmoudi, Elham Maiti, Rituparna Makris, Konstantinos Christos C Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malta, Deborah Carvalho Mamun, Abdullah A Mansourian, Marjan Manu, Emmanuel Marateb, Hamid Reza Marino, Mirko Marjani, Abdoljalal Martinez-Piedra, Ramon Martini, Santi Martorell, Miquel Marzouk, Sammer Masi, Stefano Masrouri, Soroush Mathangasinghe, Yasith Mathur, Manu Raj Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido Matthias, Thushara Mattiello, Rita Mazidi, Mohsen McPhail, Steven M Mechili, Enkeleint A Mehboob, Riffat Mehmood, Asim Mehndiratta, Man Mohan Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Mendoza, Walter Menezes, Ritesh G Mengistie, Emiru Ayalew Meo, Sultan Ayoub Mestrovic, Tomislav Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina Miller, Ted R Mini, GK Mirrakhimov, Erkin M Misganaw, Awoke Mittal, Madhukar Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Jama Mohammad, Taj Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Mustapha Mokdad, Ali H Mondello, Stefania Moni, Mohammad Ali Moradi, Maryam Morrison, Shane Douglas Mossialos, Elias Motappa, Rohith Mulita, Francesk Mullany, Erin C Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murillo-Zamora, Efren Musa, Sani Mustafa, Ghulam Muthu, Sathish Myung, Woojae Naghavi, Pirouz Naghavi, Mohsen Naik, Ganesh R Naik, Hiten Nambi, Gopal Nangia, Vinay Nansseu, Jobert Richie Nascimento, Gustavo G Nassar, Mahmoud Natto, Zuhair S Nauman, Javaid Naureen, Zakira Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Nayak, Biswa Prakash Nayon, Md Fahad Shahariar Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Negahdary, Masoud Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria Nematollahi, Soroush Nepal, Samata Netsere, Henok Biresaw Ngunjiri, Josephine W Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Phuong The Niazi, Robina Khan Nieddu, Luciano Niknam, Mahdieh Nikoobar, Ali Nkeck, Jan Rene Nomura, Shuhei Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noreen, Mamoona Noroozi, Masoud Nawsherwan Noubiap, Jean Jacques Nouri, Mehran Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi Nugen, Fred Nurrika, Dieta Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet O'Connell, Erin M Oancea, Bogdan Oguta, James Odhiambo Oh, In-Hwan Okati-Aliabad, Hassan Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Olalusi, Oladotun Victor Olanrewaju, Timothy Olusegun Olasupo, Omotola O Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Arão Belitardo Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris Omar, Hany A Omar Bali, Ahmed Opitz, Marcel Ordak, Michal Ortiz, Alberto Osborne, Augustus Osman, Wael M S Osman, Alaa A M Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi Otoiu, Adrian Oumer, Abdu Ouyahia, Amel Owolabi, Mayowa O Owusu, Irene Amoakoh Oyebola, Kolapo P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padron-Monedero, Alicia Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Panda, Sujogya Kumar Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Pandey, Anamika Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R Pardhan, Shahina Parekh, Utsav Parija, Pragyan Paramita Parikh, Romil R Park, Eun-Cheol Pashaei, Ava Passera, Roberto Patel, Hemal M Pathan, Aslam Ramjan Patoulias, Dimitrios Patton, George C Paudel, Susan Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza Pensato, Umberto Peprah, Prince Pereira, Gavin Pereira, Marcos Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Perico, Norberto Perna, Simone Petcu, Ionela-Roxana Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily Pham, Hoang Nhat Polibin, Roman V Popovic, Djordje S Pourghazi, Farzad Pourshams, Akram Pradhan, Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Prasad, Manya Prashant, Akila Prates, Elton Junio Sady Putra, I Gusti Ngurah Edi Puvvula, Jagadeesh Qattea, Ibrahim Qiu, Jia-Yong Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radojčić, Maja R Raggi, Catalina Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Fryad Majeed Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahmani, Saeed Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum Rai, Rajesh Kumar Raimondo, Ivano Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep Rajput, Prashant Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramasamy, Chitra Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rashedi, Sina Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan Rathish, Devarajan Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rautalin, Ilari Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed Rege, Sanika Reis-Mendes, Ana Remuzzi, Giuseppe Rezaei, Nazila Rezaeian, Mohsen Rezazadeh, Hossein Rhee, Taeho Gregory Rocha-Gomes, João Rocha Rodrigues, Mónica Rodrigues da Silva, Thales Philipe Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Roever, Leonardo Rohloff, Peter Romadlon, Debby Syahru Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan Roshandel, Gholamreza Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Nitai Rwegerera, Godfrey M Saad, Aly M A Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed Sabet, Cameron John Sadarangani, Kabir P Saddik, Basema Ahmad Sadeghi, Masoumeh Saeb, Mohammad Reza Saeed, Umar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar Safi, Sher Zaman Saghazadeh, Amene Sagoe, Dominic Sahebkar, Amirhossein Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sajid, Mirza Rizwan Salaroli, Luciane B Saleh, Mohamed A Salem, Marwa Rashad Salimi, Sohrab Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo Samuel, Vijaya Paul Samy, Abdallah M Santhekadur, Prasanna K Santric-Milicevic, Milena M Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saraswati, Ushasi Saravanan, Aswini Sari, Dianis Wulan Sarkar, Tanmay Sarmadi, Mohammad Sarode, Sachin C Sarode, Gargi Sachin Sassano, Michele Sathian, Brijesh Saya, Ganesh Kumar Schinckus, Christophe Schmidt, Maria Inês Schuermans, Art Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth Sebastian, Sneha Annie Selvaraj, Siddharthan Semreen, Mohammad H Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret Sengupta, Pallav Senol, Yigit Can Senthilkumaran, Subramanian Sepanlou, Sadaf G Sethi, Yashendra Seylani, Allen Shafie, Mahan Shah, Sweni Shah, Syed Mahboob Shahid, Samiah Shahrahmani, Fatemeh Shahwan, Moyad Jamal Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran Shamsi, Anas Shamsutdinova, Alfiya Shan, Dan Shanawaz, Mohd Shannawaz, Mohammed Sharath, Medha Sharfaei, Sadaf Sharifan, Amin Sharma, Anupam Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Vishal Sheida, Fateme Sheikhy, Ali Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shetty, Pavanchand H Shibuya, Kenji Shiferaw, Desalegn Shin, Min-Jeong Shiri, Rahman Shittu, Aminu Shool, Sina Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Shrestha, Rajan Shuval, Kerem Si, Yafei Sibuyi, Nicole R S Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Siddiqi, Ahmed Kamal Sikdar, Mithun Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Singh, Surjit Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Amit Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Baljinder Singh, Kalpana Singh, Puneetpal Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna Smith, Amanda E Smith, Georgia Soliman, Sameh S M Soraneh, Soroush Sorensen, Reed J D Spartalis, Michael Srichawla, Bahadar S Stachteas, Panagiotis Starodubova, Antonina V Straif, Kurt Stubbs, Pete Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan Suleiman Odidi, Muritala Odidi Sulkowski, Aleksander Sultan Meo, Anusha Sun, Jing Sun, Zhong Sunny, Sumam Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra Tabatabai, Shima Tabche, Celine Tabish, Mohammad Taiba, Jabeen Talic, Stella Tampa, Mircea Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze Tan, Ker-Kan Tanwar, Manoj Tariq, Saba Tat, Nathan Y Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Teramoto, Masayuki Terefa, Dufera Rikitu Tewari, Jay Thapar, Rekha Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna Tiwari, Krishna Tomo, Sojit Tonelli, Marcello Touvier, Mathilde Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Trabelsi, Khaled Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Thang Huu Tran Minh Duc, Nguyen Trico, Domenico Trihandini, Indang Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Tsatsakis, Aristidis Tse, Gary Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya T Y, Sree Sudha Tye, Sok Cin Tyrovolas, Stefanos Udoakang, Aniefiok John Ullah, Shahid Ullah, Saeed Umair, Muhammad Umar, Umar Muhammad Umar, Lawan Unim, Brigid Upadhya, Dinesh Upadhyay, Era Usman, Jibrin Sammani Ustunsoz, Damla Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Van den Eynde, Jef Varghese, Joe Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Vaziri, Siavash Vellingiri, Balachandar Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy Verma, Madhur Verma, Anjul Verras, Georgios-Ioannis Vidale, Simone Villalobos-Daniel, Victor E Vinayak, Manish Vlassov, Vasily Vos, Theo Vukovic, Rade Wahidin, Mugi Wahiduzzaman, Mohammad Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Shu Wang, Cong Wang, Xingxin Wanjau, Mary Njeri Waqar, Ahmed Bilal Waqas, Muhammad Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Wei, Fei-Long Wicaksana, Anggi Lukman Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth Willeit, Peter Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wonde, Tewodros Eshete Wongsin, Utoomporn Xia, Qing Xie, Wanqing Xu, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Yamagishi, Kazumasa Yano, Yuichiro Yao, Haiqiang Yarahmadi, Amir Yaribeygi, Habib Yesuf, Subah Abderehim Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yu, Chuanhua Yuan, Chun-Wei Yuce, Deniz Yunusa, Ismaeel Zaman, Sojib Bin Zare, Iman Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Jingya Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Casper J P Zheng, David X Zheng, Peng Zhong, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhou, Jiayan Zhu, Bin Zhumagaliuly, Abzal Zielińska, Magdalena Zoghi, Ghazal Zou, Zhiyong Zweck, Elric Zyoud, Sa'ed H Murray, Christopher J L Sawyer, Susan M Vollset, Stein Emil |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Marie, Ng Gakidou, Emmanuela Lo, Justin Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abbafati, Cristiana Abbas, Nasir Abbasian, Mohammadreza Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abdel-Rahman, Wael M Abd-Elsalam, Sherief Abdollahi, Arash Abdoun, Meriem Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdullahi, Auwal Abedi, Armita Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika Abie, Alemwork Aboagye, Richard Gyan Abohashem, Shady Abtahi, Dariush Abualruz, Hasan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu Farha, Rana Kamal Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME Aburuz, Salahdein Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adams, Lisa C Adane, Mesafint Molla Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola Adegoke, Nurudeen A Adepoju, Abiola Victor Victor Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adiga, Usha Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afaghi, Siamak Afzal, Saira Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Agampodi, Thilini Chanchala Aghamiri, Shahin Agostinis Sobrinho, César Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahlstrom, Austin J Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Fuzail Ahmad, Noah Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akhtar, Samina Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Akrami, Ashley E Alalwan, Tariq A Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa Alansari, Amani Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y Albashtawy, Mohammed Aldhaleei, Wafa A Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje Algammal, Abdelazeem M Alhabib, Khalid F Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Alhuwail, Dari Ali, Rafat Ali, Abid Ali, Waad Ali, Mohammed Usman Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Al-Jabi, Samah W Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Alkhatib, Ahmad Al-Marwani, Sabah Alomari, Mahmoud A Alqahtani, Saleh A Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M Mohammad Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Alrimawi, Intima Alrousan, Sahel Majed Alshahrani, Najim Z Al Ta'ani, Omar Al Ta'ani, Zain Altaany, Zaid Altaf, Awais Al Thaher, Yazan Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed Aly, Safwat Aly, Hany Alzahrani, Hosam Alzoubi, Abdallah Alzoubi, Karem H Al-Zubayer, Md. Akib Amiri, Sohrab Amu, Hubert Amugsi, Dickson A Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Ananda, Roshan A Ancuceanu, Robert Andrei, Catalina Liliana Anjana, Ranjit Mohan Ansari, Sumbul Ansari, Mohammed Tahir Antony, Catherine M Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anvari, Saeid Anwar, Saleha Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Apostol, Geminn Louis Carace Arab, Juan Pablo Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Arifin, Hidayat Arkew, Mesay Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Arooj, Mahwish Artamonov, Anton A Artanti, Kurnia Dwi Arumugam, Ashokan Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Ashraf, Tahira Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asrat, Anemaw A Astell-Burt, Thomas Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atorkey, Prince Atreya, Alok Aumoldaeva, Zaure Maratovna Awad, Hamzeh Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara Azargoonjahromi, Ali Azimi, Amirali Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Azzolino, Domenico Azzopardi, Peter S Babashahi, Mina Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badiye, Ashish D Bagheri, Nasser Bahurupi, Yogesh Bai, Ruhai Baig, Atif Amin Bakkannavar, Shankar M Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin Bam, Kiran Banach, Maciej Banik, Rajon Bardhan, Mainak Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Barquera, Simon Barua, Lingkan Basharat, Zarrin Bashir, Shahid Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Saurav Bayat, Reza Bayih, Mulat Tirfie Beeraka, Narasimha M Begum, Tahmina Bello, Umar Muhammad Bello, Abdulrahman Babatunde Belo, Luis Bensenor, Isabela M Bergami, Maria Berhe, Kidanemaryam Berihun, Abiye Assefa Bhadoria, Ajeet Singh Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth Bhala, Neeraj Bhalla, Jaideep Singh Bharadwaj, Ravi Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhaskar, Sonu Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee, Shuvarthi Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bikov, Andras Bilgin, Cem Bisignano, Catherine Biswas, Bijit Bizzozero Peroni, Bruno Bjertness, Espen Bjørge, Tone Bolla, Srinivasa Rao Borhany, Hamed Bosoka, Samuel Adolf Bouaoud, Souad Boyko, Edward J Braithwaite, Dejana Brazo-Sayavera, Javier Brenner, Hermann Britton, Gabrielle Bryazka, Dana Bugiardini, Raffaele Bui, Linh Phuong Busch, Felix Bustanji, Yasser Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Calina, Daniela Campos, Luciana Aparecida Campos-Nonato, Ismael Cao, Si Cao, Yin Capodici, Angelo Carvalho, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Catapano, Alberico L Cattafesta, Monica Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Cegolon, Luca Cembranel, Francieli Cenko, Edina Cerin, Ester Cernigliaro, Achille Chadwick, Joshua Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chan, Raymond N C Chang, Jung-Chen Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chaurasia, Akhilanand Chen, Guangjin Chen, An-Tian Chen, Haowei Cheng, Esther T W Chew, Nicholas WS Chi, Gerald Chimoriya, Ritesh Ching, Patrick R Choi, Dong-Woo Chong, Bryan Chopra, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chou, Hou In Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chu, Dinh-Toi Chung, Sunghyun Chung, Sheng-Chia Chutiyami, Muhammad Cini, Karly I Cioffi, Iolanda Cogen, Rebecca M Collado-Mateo, Daniel Columbus, Alyssa Conrad, Nathalie Criqui, Michael H Cruz-Martins, Natalia Cummins, Steven D'Amico, Emanuele D'Anna, Lucio D'Oria, Mario Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Dalakoti, Mayank Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Lalit Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn Darcho, Samuel Demissie Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Reza da Silva, Alanna Gomes Davletov, Kairat Delgado-Enciso, Ivan Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Derbew Molla, Meseret Dergaa, Ismail Desale, Aragaw Tesfaw Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devegowda, Devananda Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman Dhali, Arkadeep Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda Dhimal, Meghnath Dhungel, Bibha Diaz, Daniel Dinu, Monica Dodangeh, Milad Dohare, Sushil Dokova, Klara Georgieva Dolatkhah, Neda do Prado, Camila Bruneli Dorostkar, Fariba Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai Dowou, Robert Kokou Dsouza, Viola Savy Du, Mi Dumith, Samuel C Dumuid, Dorothea Duncan, Bruce B Dutta, Sulagna Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian Ebrahimi, Alireza Eftekhari, Behrad Eighaei Sedeh, Ashkan Ekholuenetale, Michael Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed El Arab, Rabie Adel El-Ashker, Said Elbarazi, Iffat El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat Elgendy, Islam Y Elhadi, Muhammed El-Huneidi, Waseem El-Metwally, Ashraf A Elmonem, Mohamed A Elnaem, Mohamed Hassan Elsheikh, Randa Elsohaby, Ibrahim Eltaha, Chadi Emeto, Theophilus I Eslami, Maysa Eze, Ugochukwu Anthony Fadavian, Heidar Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Farooque, Umar Farrokhpour, Hossein Fasusi, Samuel Aanuoluwapo Fazeli, Patrick Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Feng, Xiaoqi Fernandes, João C Fernandez-Jimenez, Rodrigo Ferreira, Nuno Feyisa, Bikila Regassa Fischer, Florian Flood, David Foigt, Nataliya A Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich Foroumadi, Roham Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia Foschi, Matteo Fotouhi, Maryam Francis, Kate Louise Franklin, Richard Charles Gába, Aleš Gadanya, Muktar A Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Galali, Yaseen Gallus, Silvano Ganesan, Balasankar Gangachannaiah, Shivaprakash Gastélum Espinoza, Wendy Paola Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru Getacher, Lemma Ghadirian, Fataneh Ghaffari Jolfayi, Amir Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Gil, Artyom Urievich Gill, Tiffany K Gnedovskaya, Elena V Golechha, Mahaveer Golinelli, Davide Grivna, Michal Grover, Ashna Guan, Zhongyang Guan, Shi-Yang Guarducci, Giovanni Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Guha, Avirup Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga Guo, Zheng Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Anish Kumar Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Hadi, Najah R Hadian, Zahra Hamdy, Nadia M Hameed, Sajid Hamidi, Samer Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad Hanif, Asif Hanifi, Nasrin Hankey, Graeme J Haq, Allie Harlianto, Netanja I Haro, Josep Maria Hartono, Risky Kusuma Hasan, Faizul Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem Hasnain, Md Saquib Hassan, Amr Hassan, Nageeb Hassanipour, Soheil Hassanzade Rad, Afagh Havmoeller, Rasmus J Hay, Simon I He, Wen-Qiang Hebert, Jeffrey J Heidari, Golnaz Hemmati, Mehdi Hiraike, Yuta Hoan, Nguyen Quoc Hoang, Mai Holla, Ramesh Hoogar, Praveen Hopkins, Ashley Mark Hossain, Alamgir Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Mihaela Htay, Zin Wai Hu, Chengxi Huang, Junjie Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes Husseiny, Mohamed Ibrahim Huynh, Hong-Han Iavicoli, Ivo Ibrayeva, Anel Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Imam, Mohammad Tarique Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja Inok, Arit Irham, Lalu Muhammad Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Rakibul M Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Iso, Hiroyasu Isola, Gaetano Ituka, Mosimah Charles Iwagami, Masao Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana Iyasu, Assefa N J, Vinothini Jacob, Louis Jaffar, Shabbar Jahrami, Haitham Jain, Akhil Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Jalloh, Mohamed Lamrana Javaid, Syed Sarmad Jayapal, Sathish Kumar Jayarajah, Umesh Jayaram, Shubha Jebai, Rime Jebasingh, Felix K Jema, Alelign Tasew Jokar, Mohammad Jonas, Jost B Jose, Jobinse Joseph, Nitin Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Jürisson, Mikk Kaambwa, Billingsley Kabir, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kakkar, Ashish Kumar Kalra, Sanjay Kamarajah, Sivesh Kathir Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kankam, Samuel Berchi Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kapoor, Neeti Karajizadeh, Mehrdad Karakasis, Paschalis Karasneh, Reema A Karimi, Yeganeh Karimi Behnagh, Arman Kassebaum, Nicholas J Kauppila, Joonas H Kayode, Gbenga A Kehagias, Dimitrios Kerr, Jessica A Keshwani, Ariz Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle Keykhaei, Mohammad Khaing, Inn Kynn Khajuria, Himanshu Khalili, Pantea Khalilian, Alireza Khalis, Mohamed Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Maseer Khan, Nusrat Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Ajmal Khan, Moien AB Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh Khatab, Khaled Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khayamzadeh, Maryam Khidri, Feriha Fatima Khorashadizadeh, Fatemeh Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Sepehr Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood Khubchandani, Jagdish Khusun, Helda Kim, Jinho Kim, Kwanghyun Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kishore, Ladli Kivimäki, Mika Kokkorakis, Michail Kolahi, Ali-Asghar Kompani, Farzad Korzh, Oleksii Kostev, Karel Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Kretchy, Irene Akwo Krishan, Kewal Kua, Chong-Han Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Kumar, Ashish Kumar, Vijay Kumar, G Anil Kundu, Satyajit Kunutsor, Setor K Kurmi, Om P Kurniasari, Maria Dyah Kusuma, Dian Kytö, Ville Lacey, Ben Lahariya, Chandrakant Lai, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Hanpeng Landires, Iván Larijani, Bagher Latief, Kamaluddin La Vecchia, Carlo Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Munjae Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Seung Won Lee, Paul H Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Yongze Li, Weilong Lim, Stephen S Lin, Queran Lin, Jialing Lindholm, Daniel Lindstedt, Paulina A Liu, Simin Llanaj, Erand López-Gil, José Francisco Lorkowski, Stefan Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lugo, Alessandra Lutambi, Angelina M Lv, Lei Lytvyak, Ellina Ma, Zheng Feei Machoy, Monika Magaña Gómez, Javier A Maghbouli, Nastaran Mahalleh, Mehrdad Mahmood, Nozad H Mahmoudi, Elham Maiti, Rituparna Makris, Konstantinos Christos C Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malta, Deborah Carvalho Mamun, Abdullah A Mansourian, Marjan Manu, Emmanuel Marateb, Hamid Reza Marino, Mirko Marjani, Abdoljalal Martinez-Piedra, Ramon Martini, Santi Martorell, Miquel Marzouk, Sammer Masi, Stefano Masrouri, Soroush Mathangasinghe, Yasith Mathur, Manu Raj Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido Matthias, Thushara Mattiello, Rita Mazidi, Mohsen McPhail, Steven M Mechili, Enkeleint A Mehboob, Riffat Mehmood, Asim Mehndiratta, Man Mohan Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Mendoza, Walter Menezes, Ritesh G Mengistie, Emiru Ayalew Meo, Sultan Ayoub Mestrovic, Tomislav Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina Miller, Ted R Mini, GK Mirrakhimov, Erkin M Misganaw, Awoke Mittal, Madhukar Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Jama Mohammad, Taj Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Mustapha Mokdad, Ali H Mondello, Stefania Moni, Mohammad Ali Moradi, Maryam Morrison, Shane Douglas Mossialos, Elias Motappa, Rohith Mulita, Francesk Mullany, Erin C Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murillo-Zamora, Efren Musa, Sani Mustafa, Ghulam Muthu, Sathish Myung, Woojae Naghavi, Pirouz Naghavi, Mohsen Naik, Ganesh R Naik, Hiten Nambi, Gopal Nangia, Vinay Nansseu, Jobert Richie Nascimento, Gustavo G Nassar, Mahmoud Natto, Zuhair S Nauman, Javaid Naureen, Zakira Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Nayak, Biswa Prakash Nayon, Md Fahad Shahariar Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Negahdary, Masoud Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Ionut Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria Nematollahi, Soroush Nepal, Samata Netsere, Henok Biresaw Ngunjiri, Josephine W Nguyen, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Trang Nguyen, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Phuong The Niazi, Robina Khan Nieddu, Luciano Niknam, Mahdieh Nikoobar, Ali Nkeck, Jan Rene Nomura, Shuhei Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noreen, Mamoona Noroozi, Masoud Nawsherwan Noubiap, Jean Jacques Nouri, Mehran Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi Nugen, Fred Nurrika, Dieta Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet O'Connell, Erin M Oancea, Bogdan Oguta, James Odhiambo Oh, In-Hwan Okati-Aliabad, Hassan Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Olalusi, Oladotun Victor Olanrewaju, Timothy Olusegun Olasupo, Omotola O Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Arão Belitardo Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris Omar, Hany A Omar Bali, Ahmed Opitz, Marcel Ordak, Michal Ortiz, Alberto Osborne, Augustus Osman, Wael M S Osman, Alaa A M Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi Otoiu, Adrian Oumer, Abdu Ouyahia, Amel Owolabi, Mayowa O Owusu, Irene Amoakoh Oyebola, Kolapo P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padron-Monedero, Alicia Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Panda, Sujogya Kumar Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Pandey, Anamika Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R Pardhan, Shahina Parekh, Utsav Parija, Pragyan Paramita Parikh, Romil R Park, Eun-Cheol Pashaei, Ava Passera, Roberto Patel, Hemal M Pathan, Aslam Ramjan Patoulias, Dimitrios Patton, George C Paudel, Susan Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza Pensato, Umberto Peprah, Prince Pereira, Gavin Pereira, Marcos Perianayagam, Arokiasamy Perico, Norberto Perna, Simone Petcu, Ionela-Roxana Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily Pham, Hoang Nhat Polibin, Roman V Popovic, Djordje S Pourghazi, Farzad Pourshams, Akram Pradhan, Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Prasad, Manya Prashant, Akila Prates, Elton Junio Sady Putra, I Gusti Ngurah Edi Puvvula, Jagadeesh Qattea, Ibrahim Qiu, Jia-Yong Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radojčić, Maja R Raggi, Catalina Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Fryad Majeed Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahmani, Saeed Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum Rai, Rajesh Kumar Raimondo, Ivano Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep Rajput, Prashant Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramasamy, Chitra Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rashedi, Sina Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan Rathish, Devarajan Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rautalin, Ilari Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed Rege, Sanika Reis-Mendes, Ana Remuzzi, Giuseppe Rezaei, Nazila Rezaeian, Mohsen Rezazadeh, Hossein Rhee, Taeho Gregory Rocha-Gomes, João Rocha Rodrigues, Mónica Rodrigues da Silva, Thales Philipe Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Roever, Leonardo Rohloff, Peter Romadlon, Debby Syahru Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan Roshandel, Gholamreza Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Nitai Rwegerera, Godfrey M Saad, Aly M A Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed Sabet, Cameron John Sadarangani, Kabir P Saddik, Basema Ahmad Sadeghi, Masoumeh Saeb, Mohammad Reza Saeed, Umar Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar Safi, Sher Zaman Saghazadeh, Amene Sagoe, Dominic Sahebkar, Amirhossein Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sajid, Mirza Rizwan Salaroli, Luciane B Saleh, Mohamed A Salem, Marwa Rashad Salimi, Sohrab Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo Samuel, Vijaya Paul Samy, Abdallah M Santhekadur, Prasanna K Santric-Milicevic, Milena M Saqib, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saraswati, Ushasi Saravanan, Aswini Sari, Dianis Wulan Sarkar, Tanmay Sarmadi, Mohammad Sarode, Sachin C Sarode, Gargi Sachin Sassano, Michele Sathian, Brijesh Saya, Ganesh Kumar Schinckus, Christophe Schmidt, Maria Inês Schuermans, Art Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth Sebastian, Sneha Annie Selvaraj, Siddharthan Semreen, Mohammad H Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret Sengupta, Pallav Senol, Yigit Can Senthilkumaran, Subramanian Sepanlou, Sadaf G Sethi, Yashendra Seylani, Allen Shafie, Mahan Shah, Sweni Shah, Syed Mahboob Shahid, Samiah Shahrahmani, Fatemeh Shahwan, Moyad Jamal Sham, Sunder Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran Shamsi, Anas Shamsutdinova, Alfiya Shan, Dan Shanawaz, Mohd Shannawaz, Mohammed Sharath, Medha Sharfaei, Sadaf Sharifan, Amin Sharma, Anupam Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Vishal Sheida, Fateme Sheikhy, Ali Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shetty, Pavanchand H Shibuya, Kenji Shiferaw, Desalegn Shin, Min-Jeong Shiri, Rahman Shittu, Aminu Shool, Sina Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Shrestha, Rajan Shuval, Kerem Si, Yafei Sibuyi, Nicole R S Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Siddiqi, Ahmed Kamal Sikdar, Mithun Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Singh, Surjit Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Amit Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Baljinder Singh, Kalpana Singh, Puneetpal Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna Smith, Amanda E Smith, Georgia Soliman, Sameh S M Soraneh, Soroush Sorensen, Reed J D Spartalis, Michael Srichawla, Bahadar S Stachteas, Panagiotis Starodubova, Antonina V Straif, Kurt Stubbs, Pete Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan Suleiman Odidi, Muritala Odidi Sulkowski, Aleksander Sultan Meo, Anusha Sun, Jing Sun, Zhong Sunny, Sumam Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Fatemeh Sadat Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra Tabatabai, Shima Tabche, Celine Tabish, Mohammad Taiba, Jabeen Talic, Stella Tampa, Mircea Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze Tan, Ker-Kan Tanwar, Manoj Tariq, Saba Tat, Nathan Y Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Teramoto, Masayuki Terefa, Dufera Rikitu Tewari, Jay Thapar, Rekha Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna Tiwari, Krishna Tomo, Sojit Tonelli, Marcello Touvier, Mathilde Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Trabelsi, Khaled Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Thang Huu Tran Minh Duc, Nguyen Trico, Domenico Trihandini, Indang Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Tsatsakis, Aristidis Tse, Gary Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya T Y, Sree Sudha Tye, Sok Cin Tyrovolas, Stefanos Udoakang, Aniefiok John Ullah, Shahid Ullah, Saeed Umair, Muhammad Umar, Umar Muhammad Umar, Lawan Unim, Brigid Upadhya, Dinesh Upadhyay, Era Usman, Jibrin Sammani Ustunsoz, Damla Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Van den Eynde, Jef Varghese, Joe Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Vaziri, Siavash Vellingiri, Balachandar Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy Verma, Madhur Verma, Anjul Verras, Georgios-Ioannis Vidale, Simone Villalobos-Daniel, Victor E Vinayak, Manish Vlassov, Vasily Vos, Theo Vukovic, Rade Wahidin, Mugi Wahiduzzaman, Mohammad Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Shu Wang, Cong Wang, Xingxin Wanjau, Mary Njeri Waqar, Ahmed Bilal Waqas, Muhammad Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Wei, Fei-Long Wicaksana, Anggi Lukman Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth Willeit, Peter Wojewodzic, Marcin W Wonde, Tewodros Eshete Wongsin, Utoomporn Xia, Qing Xie, Wanqing Xu, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Yamagishi, Kazumasa Yano, Yuichiro Yao, Haiqiang Yarahmadi, Amir Yaribeygi, Habib Yesuf, Subah Abderehim Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yu, Chuanhua Yuan, Chun-Wei Yuce, Deniz Yunusa, Ismaeel Zaman, Sojib Bin Zare, Iman Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Jingya Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Casper J P Zheng, David X Zheng, Peng Zhong, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhou, Jiayan Zhu, Bin Zhumagaliuly, Abzal Zielińska, Magdalena Zoghi, Ghazal Zou, Zhiyong Zweck, Elric Zyoud, Sa'ed H Murray, Christopher J L Sawyer, Susan M Vollset, Stein Emil |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-03-06T06:57:50Z 2025-03-03 |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv | application/pdf |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1 01406736 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003551 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63505 1474-547X |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv | en |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv | Elsevier |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Epidemic Forecasting Obesity Prevalence Global Trends Intervention |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| description | BackgroundOverweight and obesity is a global epidemic. Forecasting future trajectories of the epidemic is crucial for providing an evidence base for policy change. In this study, we examine the historical trends of the global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity from 1990 to 2021 and forecast the future trajectories to 2050. MethodsLeveraging established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, we estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals aged 25 years and older by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2050. Retrospective and current prevalence trends were derived based on both self-reported and measured anthropometric data extracted from 1350 unique sources, which include survey microdata and reports, as well as published literature. Specific adjustment was applied to correct for self-report bias. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models were used to synthesise data, leveraging both spatial and temporal correlation in epidemiological trends, to optimise the comparability of results across time and geographies. To generate forecast estimates, we used forecasts of the Socio-demographic Index and temporal correlation patterns presented as annualised rate of change to inform future trajectories. We considered a reference scenario assuming the continuation of historical trends. FindingsRates of overweight and obesity increased at the global and regional levels, and in all nations, between 1990 and 2021. In 2021, an estimated 1·00 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·989–1·01) adult males and 1·11 billion (1·10–1·12) adult females had overweight and obesity. China had the largest population of adults with overweight and obesity (402 million [397–407] individuals), followed by India (180 million [167–194]) and the USA (172 million [169–174]). The highest age-standardised prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in countries in Oceania and north Africa and the Middle East, with many of these countries reporting prevalence of more than 80% in adults. Compared with 1990, the global prevalence of obesity had increased by 155·1% (149·8–160·3) in males and 104·9% (95% UI 100·9–108·8) in females. The most rapid rise in obesity prevalence was observed in the north Africa and the Middle East super-region, where age-standardised prevalence rates in males more than tripled and in females more than doubled. Assuming the continuation of historical trends, by 2050, we forecast that the total number of adults living with overweight and obesity will reach 3·80 billion (95% UI 3·39–4·04), over half of the likely global adult population at that time. While China, India, and the USA will continue to constitute a large proportion of the global population with overweight and obesity, the number in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region is forecasted to increase by 254·8% (234·4–269·5). In Nigeria specifically, the number of adults with overweight and obesity is forecasted to rise to 141 million (121–162) by 2050, making it the country with the fourth-largest population with overweight and obesity. InterpretationNo country to date has successfully curbed the rising rates of adult overweight and obesity. Without immediate and effective intervention, overweight and obesity will continue to increase globally. Particularly in Asia and Africa, driven by growing populations, the number of individuals with overweight and obesity is forecast to rise substantially. These regions will face a considerable increase in obesity-related disease burden. Merely acknowledging obesity as a global health issue would be negligent on the part of global health and public health practitioners; more aggressive and targeted measures are required to address this crisis, as obesity is one of the foremost avertible risks to health now and in the future and poses an unparalleled threat of premature disease and death at local, national, and global levels. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation. |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| format | article |
| id | qu_73fc10ce40bee33b99b524039ca75064 |
| identifier_str_mv | 01406736 1474-547X |
| language_invalid_str_mv | en |
| network_acronym_str | qu |
| network_name_str | Qatar University repository |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/63505 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv | Elsevier |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| spelling | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021Marie, NgGakidou, EmmanuelaLo, JustinAbate, Yohannes HabtegiorgisAbbafati, CristianaAbbas, NasirAbbasian, MohammadrezaAbd ElHafeez, SamarAbdel-Rahman, Wael MAbd-Elsalam, SheriefAbdollahi, ArashAbdoun, MeriemAbdulah, Deldar MoradAbdulkader, Rizwan SuliankatchiAbdullahi, AuwalAbedi, ArmitaAbeywickrama, Hansani MadushikaAbie, AlemworkAboagye, Richard GyanAbohashem, ShadyAbtahi, DariushAbualruz, HasanAbubakar, BilyaminuAbu Farha, Rana KamalAbukhadijah, Hana JAbu-Rmeileh, Niveen MEAburuz, SalahdeinAbu-Zaid, AhmedAdams, Lisa CAdane, Mesafint MollaAddo, Isaac YeboahAdedokun, Kamoru AdemolaAdegoke, Nurudeen AAdepoju, Abiola Victor VictorAdesola, Ridwan OlamilekanAdeyeoluwa, Temitayo EstherAdiga, UshaAdnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas SakilahAfaghi, SiamakAfzal, SairaAfzal, Muhammad SohailAgampodi, Thilini ChanchalaAghamiri, ShahinAgostinis Sobrinho, CésarAgyemang-Duah, WilliamsAhlstrom, Austin JAhmad, DanishAhmad, SajjadAhmad, AqeelAhmad, Muayyad MAhmad, FuzailAhmad, NoahAhmed, HaroonAhmed, Muktar BeshirAhmed, AymanAhmed, Meqdad SalehAhmed, Mehrunnisha SharifAhmed, Syed AneesAjami, MarjanAkhtar, SaminaAkkaif, Mohammed AhmedAkrami, Ashley EAlalwan, Tariq AAl-Aly, ZiyadAlam, KhurshidAl-amer, Rasmieh MustafaAlansari, AmaniAl-Ashwal, Fahmi YAlbashtawy, MohammedAldhaleei, Wafa AAlemayehu, Bezawit AbejeAlgammal, Abdelazeem MAlhabib, Khalid FAl Hamad, HanadiAl Hasan, Syed MahfuzAlhuwail, DariAli, RafatAli, AbidAli, WaadAli, Mohammed UsmanAlif, Sheikh MohammadAl-Jabi, Samah WAljunid, Syed MohamedAlkhatib, AhmadAl-Marwani, SabahAlomari, Mahmoud AAlqahtani, Saleh AAl-Raddadi, Rajaa M MohammadAlrawashdeh, AhmadAlrimawi, IntimaAlrousan, Sahel MajedAlshahrani, Najim ZAl Ta'ani, OmarAl Ta'ani, ZainAltaany, ZaidAltaf, AwaisAl Thaher, YazanAlvis-Guzman, NelsonAl-Wardat, MohammadAl-Worafi, Yaser MohammedAly, SafwatAly, HanyAlzahrani, HosamAlzoubi, AbdallahAlzoubi, Karem HAl-Zubayer, Md. AkibAmiri, SohrabAmu, HubertAmugsi, Dickson AAmusa, Ganiyu AdeniyiAnanda, Roshan AAncuceanu, RobertAndrei, Catalina LilianaAnjana, Ranjit MohanAnsari, SumbulAnsari, Mohammed TahirAntony, Catherine MAnuoluwa, Iyadunni AdesolaAnuoluwa, Boluwatife StephenAnvari, SaeidAnwar, SalehaAnyasodor, Anayochukwu EdwardApostol, Geminn Louis CaraceArab, Juan PabloArabloo, JalalArafat, MosabAravkin, Aleksandr YAreda, DemelashArifin, HidayatArkew, MesayArmocida, BenedettaÄrnlöv, JohanArooj, MahwishArtamonov, Anton AArtanti, Kurnia DwiArumugam, AshokanAsghari-Jafarabadi, MohammadAshraf, TahiraAsiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo YeboahAsrat, Anemaw AAstell-Burt, ThomasAthari, Seyyed ShamsadinAtorkey, PrinceAtreya, AlokAumoldaeva, Zaure MaratovnaAwad, HamzehAwoke, Mamaru AyenewAwotidebe, Adedapo WasiuAychiluhm, Setognal BiraraAzargoonjahromi, AliAzimi, AmiraliAziz, Sadat AbdullaAziz, ShahkaarAzzam, Ahmed Y.Azzolino, DomenicoAzzopardi, Peter SBabashahi, MinaBabu, Giridhara RathnaiahBadiye, Ashish DBagheri, NasserBahurupi, YogeshBai, RuhaiBaig, Atif AminBakkannavar, Shankar MBalakrishnan, SenthilkumarBaltatu, Ovidiu ConstantinBam, KiranBanach, MaciejBanik, RajonBardhan, MainakBarqawi, Hiba JawdatBarquera, SimonBarua, LingkanBasharat, ZarrinBashir, ShahidBastan, Mohammad-MahdiBasu, SauravBayat, RezaBayih, Mulat TirfieBeeraka, Narasimha MBegum, TahminaBello, Umar MuhammadBello, Abdulrahman BabatundeBelo, LuisBensenor, Isabela MBergami, MariaBerhe, KidanemaryamBerihun, Abiye AssefaBhadoria, Ajeet SinghBhagavathula, Akshaya SrikanthBhala, NeerajBhalla, Jaideep SinghBharadwaj, RaviBhardwaj, PankajBhardwaj, NikhaBhaskar, SonuBhat, Ajay NageshBhattacharjee, PriyadarshiniBhattacharjee, ShuvarthiBhatti, Jasvinder SinghBhatti, Gurjit KaurBikov, AndrasBilgin, CemBisignano, CatherineBiswas, BijitBizzozero Peroni, BrunoBjertness, EspenBjørge, ToneBolla, Srinivasa RaoBorhany, HamedBosoka, Samuel AdolfBouaoud, SouadBoyko, Edward JBraithwaite, DejanaBrazo-Sayavera, JavierBrenner, HermannBritton, GabrielleBryazka, DanaBugiardini, RaffaeleBui, Linh PhuongBusch, FelixBustanji, YasserButt, Nadeem ShafiqueButt, Zahid ACalina, DanielaCampos, Luciana AparecidaCampos-Nonato, IsmaelCao, SiCao, YinCapodici, AngeloCarvalho, Andre FCarvalho, MárciaCatapano, Alberico LCattafesta, MonicaCattaruzza, Maria SofiaCegolon, LucaCembranel, FrancieliCenko, EdinaCerin, EsterCernigliaro, AchilleChadwick, JoshuaChakraborty, ChiranjibChan, Raymond N CChang, Jung-ChenChattu, Vijay KumarChaudhary, Anis AhmadChaurasia, AkhilanandChen, GuangjinChen, An-TianChen, HaoweiCheng, Esther T WChew, Nicholas WSChi, GeraldChimoriya, RiteshChing, Patrick RChoi, Dong-WooChong, BryanChopra, HiteshChopra, ShivaniChou, Hou InChoudhari, Sonali GajananChu, Dinh-ToiChung, SunghyunChung, Sheng-ChiaChutiyami, MuhammadCini, Karly ICioffi, IolandaCogen, Rebecca MCollado-Mateo, DanielColumbus, AlyssaConrad, NathalieCriqui, Michael HCruz-Martins, NataliaCummins, StevenD'Amico, EmanueleD'Anna, LucioD'Oria, MarioDadras, OmidDai, XiaochenDalakoti, MayankDandona, RakhiDandona, LalitDanpanichkul, PojsakornDarcho, Samuel DemissieDarvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Rezada Silva, Alanna GomesDavletov, KairatDelgado-Enciso, IvanDenova-Gutiérrez, EdgarDerbew Molla, MeseretDergaa, IsmailDesale, Aragaw TesfawDevanbu, Vinoth Gnana ChellaiyanDevegowda, DevanandaDewan, Syed Masudur RahmanDhali, ArkadeepDharmaratne, Samath DhammindaDhimal, MeghnathDhungel, BibhaDiaz, DanielDinu, MonicaDodangeh, MiladDohare, SushilDokova, Klara GeorgievaDolatkhah, Nedado Prado, Camila BruneliDorostkar, FaribaDoshi, Ojas PrakashbhaiDoshi, Rajkumar PrakashbhaiDowou, Robert KokouDsouza, Viola SavyDu, MiDumith, Samuel CDumuid, DorotheaDuncan, Bruce BDutta, SulagnaDziedzic, Arkadiusz MarianEbrahimi, AlirezaEftekhari, BehradEighaei Sedeh, AshkanEkholuenetale, MichaelEladl, Mohamed AhmedEl Arab, Rabie AdelEl-Ashker, SaidElbarazi, IffatEl Bayoumy, Ibrahim FarahatElgendy, Islam YElhadi, MuhammedEl-Huneidi, WaseemEl-Metwally, Ashraf AElmonem, Mohamed AElnaem, Mohamed HassanElsheikh, RandaElsohaby, IbrahimEltaha, ChadiEmeto, Theophilus IEslami, MaysaEze, Ugochukwu AnthonyFadavian, HeidarFagbamigbe, Adeniyi FrancisFakhradiyev, Ildar RavisovichFaraji, Seyed NooreddinFarinha, Carla Sofia e SáFaris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat MahmoudFarooque, UmarFarrokhpour, HosseinFasusi, Samuel AanuoluwapoFazeli, PatrickFazylov, TimurFeizkhah, AlirezaFekadu, GinenusFeng, XiaoqiFernandes, João CFernandez-Jimenez, RodrigoFerreira, NunoFeyisa, Bikila RegassaFischer, FlorianFlood, DavidFoigt, Nataliya AFolayan, Morenike OluwatoyinFomenkov, Artem AlekseevichForoumadi, RohamFortuna Rodrigues, CeliaFoschi, MatteoFotouhi, MaryamFrancis, Kate LouiseFranklin, Richard CharlesGába, AlešGadanya, Muktar AGaidhane, Abhay MotiramjiGalali, YaseenGallus, SilvanoGanesan, BalasankarGangachannaiah, ShivaprakashGastélum Espinoza, Wendy PaolaGebregergis, Miglas WelayGebremeskel, Teferi GebruGetacher, LemmaGhadirian, FatanehGhaffari Jolfayi, AmirGhamari, Seyyed-HadiGhazy, Ramy MohamedGil, Artyom UrievichGill, Tiffany KGnedovskaya, Elena VGolechha, MahaveerGolinelli, DavideGrivna, MichalGrover, AshnaGuan, ZhongyangGuan, Shi-YangGuarducci, GiovanniGubari, Mohammed Ibrahim MohialdeenGuha, AvirupGunawardane, Damitha AsangaGuo, ZhengGupta, RajeevGupta, Anish KumarGupta, RahulGupta, SapnaGupta, Vivek KumarGutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth StevenGuzman-Esquivel, JoseHadi, Najah RHadian, ZahraHamdy, Nadia MHameed, SajidHamidi, SamerHamiduzzaman, MohammadHanif, AsifHanifi, NasrinHankey, Graeme JHaq, AllieHarlianto, Netanja IHaro, Josep MariaHartono, Risky KusumaHasan, FaizulHashempur, Mohammad HashemHasnain, Md SaquibHassan, AmrHassan, NageebHassanipour, SoheilHassanzade Rad, AfaghHavmoeller, Rasmus JHay, Simon IHe, Wen-QiangHebert, Jeffrey JHeidari, GolnazHemmati, MehdiHiraike, YutaHoan, Nguyen QuocHoang, MaiHolla, RameshHoogar, PraveenHopkins, Ashley MarkHossain, AlamgirHosseinzadeh, HassanHostiuc, SorinHostiuc, MihaelaHtay, Zin WaiHu, ChengxiHuang, JunjieHundie, Tsegaye GebreyesHusseiny, Mohamed IbrahimHuynh, Hong-HanIavicoli, IvoIbrayeva, AnelIlesanmi, Olayinka StephenIlic, Irena MIlic, Milena DImam, Mohammad TariqueInbaraj, Leeberk RajaInok, AritIrham, Lalu MuhammadIslam, Md. RabiulIslam, Sheikh Mohammed SharifulIslam, Rakibul MIsmail, Nahlah ElkudssiahIso, HiroyasuIsola, GaetanoItuka, Mosimah CharlesIwagami, MasaoIwu-Jaja, Chinwe JulianaIyasu, Assefa NJ, VinothiniJacob, LouisJaffar, ShabbarJahrami, HaithamJain, AkhilJairoun, Ammar AbdulrahmanJakovljevic, MihajloJalloh, Mohamed LamranaJavaid, Syed SarmadJayapal, Sathish KumarJayarajah, UmeshJayaram, ShubhaJebai, RimeJebasingh, Felix KJema, Alelign TasewJokar, MohammadJonas, Jost BJose, JobinseJoseph, NitinJoshua, Charity EhimwenmaJozwiak, Jacek JerzyJürisson, MikkKaambwa, BillingsleyKabir, AliKabir, ZubairKakkar, Ashish KumarKalra, SanjayKamarajah, Sivesh KathirKanaan, Saddam FuadKankam, Samuel BerchiKanmodi, Kehinde KazeemKapoor, NeetiKarajizadeh, MehrdadKarakasis, PaschalisKarasneh, Reema AKarimi, YeganehKarimi Behnagh, ArmanKassebaum, Nicholas JKauppila, Joonas HKayode, Gbenga AKehagias, DimitriosKerr, Jessica AKeshwani, ArizKesse-Guyot, EmmanuelleKeykhaei, MohammadKhaing, Inn KynnKhajuria, HimanshuKhalili, PanteaKhalilian, AlirezaKhalis, MohamedKhan, Mohammad JobairKhan, MaseerKhan, NusratKhan, Md Abdullah SaeedKhan, AjmalKhan, Moien ABKhanmohammadi, ShaghayeghKhatab, KhaledKhatatbeh, Moawiah MohammadKhayamzadeh, MaryamKhidri, Feriha FatimaKhorashadizadeh, FatemehKhosla, Atulya AmanKhosravi, SepehrKhosrowjerdi, MahmoodKhubchandani, JagdishKhusun, HeldaKim, JinhoKim, KwanghyunKim, Min SeoKim, Yun JinKimokoti, Ruth WKisa, AdnanKishore, LadliKivimäki, MikaKokkorakis, MichailKolahi, Ali-AsgharKompani, FarzadKorzh, OleksiiKostev, KarelKoulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura LakshmiKretchy, Irene AkwoKrishan, KewalKua, Chong-HanKuate Defo, BarthelemyKulimbet, MukhtarKulkarni, VishnutheerthaKumar, AshishKumar, VijayKumar, G AnilKundu, SatyajitKunutsor, Setor KKurmi, Om PKurniasari, Maria DyahKusuma, DianKytö, VilleLacey, BenLahariya, ChandrakantLai, Daphne Teck ChingLai, HanpengLandires, IvánLarijani, BagherLatief, KamaluddinLa Vecchia, CarloLe, Nhi Huu HanhLee, MunjaeLee, Sang-woongLee, Wei-ChenLee, Seung WonLee, Paul HLi, Ming-ChiehLi, YongzeLi, WeilongLim, Stephen SLin, QueranLin, JialingLindholm, DanielLindstedt, Paulina ALiu, SiminLlanaj, ErandLópez-Gil, José FranciscoLorkowski, StefanLucchetti, GiancarloLugo, AlessandraLutambi, Angelina MLv, LeiLytvyak, EllinaMa, Zheng FeeiMachoy, MonikaMagaña Gómez, Javier AMaghbouli, NastaranMahalleh, MehrdadMahmood, Nozad HMahmoudi, ElhamMaiti, RituparnaMakris, Konstantinos Christos CMalhotra, KashishMalik, Ahmad AzamMalik, IramMalta, Deborah CarvalhoMamun, Abdullah AMansourian, MarjanManu, EmmanuelMarateb, Hamid RezaMarino, MirkoMarjani, AbdoljalalMartinez-Piedra, RamonMartini, SantiMartorell, MiquelMarzouk, SammerMasi, StefanoMasrouri, SoroushMathangasinghe, YasithMathur, Manu RajMatozinhos, Fernanda PenidoMatthias, ThusharaMattiello, RitaMazidi, MohsenMcPhail, Steven MMechili, Enkeleint AMehboob, RiffatMehmood, AsimMehndiratta, Man MohanMehrabani-Zeinabad, KamranMekene Meto, TesfahunMeles, Hadush NegashMendoza, WalterMenezes, Ritesh GMengistie, Emiru AyalewMeo, Sultan AyoubMestrovic, TomislavMettananda, SachithMettananda, Chamila Dinushi KukulegeMicheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana CarolinaMiller, Ted RMini, GKMirrakhimov, Erkin MMisganaw, AwokeMittal, MadhukarMohamed, Ahmed IsmailMohamed, Mona GamalMohamed, Nouh SaadMohamed, JamaMohammad, TajMohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, SakinehMohammadzadeh, IbrahimMohammed, ShafiuMohammed, MustaphaMokdad, Ali HMondello, StefaniaMoni, Mohammad AliMoradi, MaryamMorrison, Shane DouglasMossialos, EliasMotappa, RohithMulita, FranceskMullany, Erin CMunkhsaikhan, YanjinlkhamMurillo-Zamora, EfrenMusa, SaniMustafa, GhulamMuthu, SathishMyung, WoojaeNaghavi, PirouzNaghavi, MohsenNaik, Ganesh RNaik, HitenNambi, GopalNangia, VinayNansseu, Jobert RichieNascimento, Gustavo GNassar, MahmoudNatto, Zuhair SNauman, JavaidNaureen, ZakiraNavaratna, Samidi Nirasha KumariNayak, Biswa PrakashNayon, Md Fahad ShahariarNazri-Panjaki, AthareNegahdary, MasoudNegoi, Ruxandra IrinaNegoi, IonutNejadghaderi, Seyed AriaNematollahi, SoroushNepal, SamataNetsere, Henok BiresawNgunjiri, Josephine WNguyen, Cuong TatNguyen, DangNguyen, TrangNguyen, Duc HoangNguyen, Phuong TheNiazi, Robina KhanNieddu, LucianoNiknam, MahdiehNikoobar, AliNkeck, Jan ReneNomura, ShuheiNoor, Syed Toukir AhmedNoreen, MamoonaNoroozi, MasoudNawsherwanNoubiap, Jean JacquesNouri, MehranNri-Ezedi, Chisom AdaobiNugen, FredNurrika, DietaNzoputam, Ogochukwu JanetO'Connell, Erin MOancea, BogdanOguta, James OdhiamboOh, In-HwanOkati-Aliabad, HassanOkekunle, Akinkunmi PaulOkonji, Osaretin ChristabelOlagunju, Andrew TOlalusi, Oladotun VictorOlanrewaju, Timothy OlusegunOlasupo, Omotola OOliveira, Gláucia Maria MoraesOliveira, Arão BelitardoOluwafemi, Yinka DorisOmar, Hany AOmar Bali, AhmedOpitz, MarcelOrdak, MichalOrtiz, AlbertoOsborne, AugustusOsman, Wael M SOsman, Alaa A MOsuagwu, Uchechukwu LeviOtoiu, AdrianOumer, AbduOuyahia, AmelOwolabi, Mayowa OOwusu, Irene AmoakohOyebola, KolapoP A, Mahesh PadukudruPadron-Monedero, AliciaPadubidri, Jagadish RaoPanda, Sujogya KumarPanda-Jonas, SonghomitraPandey, AnamikaPandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu RPardhan, ShahinaParekh, UtsavParija, Pragyan ParamitaParikh, Romil RPark, Eun-CheolPashaei, AvaPassera, RobertoPatel, Hemal MPathan, Aslam RamjanPatoulias, DimitriosPatton, George CPaudel, SusanPazoki Toroudi, HamidrezaPensato, UmbertoPeprah, PrincePereira, GavinPereira, MarcosPerianayagam, ArokiasamyPerico, NorbertoPerna, SimonePetcu, Ionela-RoxanaPetermann-Rocha, Fanny EmilyPham, Hoang NhatPolibin, Roman VPopovic, Djordje SPourghazi, FarzadPourshams, AkramPradhan, JalandharPradhan, Pranil Man SinghPrasad, ManyaPrashant, AkilaPrates, Elton Junio SadyPutra, I Gusti Ngurah EdiPuvvula, JagadeeshQattea, IbrahimQiu, Jia-YongRadhakrishnan, VenkatramanRadojčić, Maja RRaggi, CatalinaRahman, Muhammad AzizRahman, Fryad MajeedRahman, Mohammad Hifz UrRahman, MosiurRahmani, SaeedRahmanian, VahidRahmawaty, SetyaningrumRai, Rajesh KumarRaimondo, IvanoRaj, Jeffrey PradeepRajput, PrashantRamadan, Mahmoud MohammedRamasamy, ChitraRamasamy, Shakthi KumaranRamazanu, SheenaRana, KritikaRanabhat, Chhabi LalRao, MithunRao, Sowmya JRashedi, SinaRashidi, Mohammad-MahdiRasouli-Saravani, AshkanRathish, DevarajanRauniyar, Santosh KumarRautalin, IlariRawaf, David LaithRawaf, SalmanRedwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa MohamedRege, SanikaReis-Mendes, AnaRemuzzi, GiuseppeRezaei, NazilaRezaeian, MohsenRezazadeh, HosseinRhee, Taeho GregoryRocha-Gomes, João RochaRodrigues, MónicaRodrigues da Silva, Thales PhilipeRodriguez, Jefferson Antonio BuendiaRoever, LeonardoRohloff, PeterRomadlon, Debby SyahruRony, Moustaq Karim KhanRoshandel, GholamrezaRout, Himanshu SekharRoy, NitaiRwegerera, Godfrey MSaad, Aly M ASaber-Ayad, Maha MohamedSabet, Cameron JohnSadarangani, Kabir PSaddik, Basema AhmadSadeghi, MasoumehSaeb, Mohammad RezaSaeed, UmarSaeedi Moghaddam, SaharSafi, Sher ZamanSaghazadeh, AmeneSagoe, DominicSahebkar, AmirhosseinSaheb Sharif-Askari, FatemehSahoo, Soumya SwaroopSajid, Mirza RizwanSalaroli, Luciane BSaleh, Mohamed ASalem, Marwa RashadSalimi, SohrabSamodra, Yoseph LeonardoSamuel, Vijaya PaulSamy, Abdallah MSanthekadur, Prasanna KSantric-Milicevic, Milena MSaqib, Muhammad Arif NadeemSaraswati, UshasiSaravanan, AswiniSari, Dianis WulanSarkar, TanmaySarmadi, MohammadSarode, Sachin CSarode, Gargi SachinSassano, MicheleSathian, BrijeshSaya, Ganesh KumarSchinckus, ChristopheSchmidt, Maria InêsSchuermans, ArtSchutte, Aletta ElisabethSebastian, Sneha AnnieSelvaraj, SiddharthanSemreen, Mohammad HSendekie, Ashenafi KibretSengupta, PallavSenol, Yigit CanSenthilkumaran, SubramanianSepanlou, Sadaf GSethi, YashendraSeylani, AllenShafie, MahanShah, SweniShah, Syed MahboobShahid, SamiahShahrahmani, FatemehShahwan, Moyad JamalSham, SunderShamim, Muhammad AaqibShams-Beyranvand, MehranShamsi, AnasShamsutdinova, AlfiyaShan, DanShanawaz, MohdShannawaz, MohammedSharath, MedhaSharfaei, SadafSharifan, AminSharma, AnupamSharma, UjjawalSharma, ManojSharma, VishalSheida, FatemeSheikhy, AliShenoy, Rekha RaghuveerShetty, Pavanchand HShibuya, KenjiShiferaw, DesalegnShin, Min-JeongShiri, RahmanShittu, AminuShool, SinaShorofi, Seyed AfshinShrestha, RajanShuval, KeremSi, YafeiSibuyi, Nicole R SSiddig, Emmanuel EdwarSiddiqi, Ahmed KamalSikdar, MithunSilva, Diego Augusto SantosSilva, Luís Manuel Lopes RodriguesSingh, SurjitSingh, Jasvinder ASingh, AmitSingh, HarmanjitSingh, BaljinderSingh, KalpanaSingh, PuneetpalSkryabin, Valentin YurievichSkryabina, Anna AleksandrovnaSmith, Amanda ESmith, GeorgiaSoliman, Sameh S MSoraneh, SoroushSorensen, Reed J DSpartalis, MichaelSrichawla, Bahadar SStachteas, PanagiotisStarodubova, Antonina VStraif, KurtStubbs, PeteSubramaniyan, VetriselvanSuleiman Odidi, Muritala OdidiSulkowski, AleksanderSultan Meo, AnushaSun, JingSun, ZhongSunny, SumamSwain, Chandan KumarSzarpak, LukaszTabarés-Seisdedos, RafaelTabatabaei, Seyyed MohammadTabatabaei, Fatemeh SadatTabatabaei Malazy, OzraTabatabai, ShimaTabche, CelineTabish, MohammadTaiba, JabeenTalic, StellaTampa, MirceaTamuzi, Jacques LukenzeTan, Ker-KanTanwar, ManojTariq, SabaTat, Nathan YTavangar, Seyed MohammadTemsah, Reem Mohamad HaniTemsah, Mohamad-HaniTeramoto, MasayukiTerefa, Dufera RikituTewari, JayThapar, RekhaTicoalu, Jansje Henny VeraTiruneh, Sofonyas AbebawTiruye, Tenaw YimerTitova, Mariya VladimirovnaTiwari, KrishnaTomo, SojitTonelli, MarcelloTouvier, MathildeTovani-Palone, Marcos RobertoTrabelsi, KhaledTran, Mai Thi NgocTran, Thang HuuTran Minh Duc, NguyenTrico, DomenicoTrihandini, IndangTruyen, Thien Tan Tri TaiTsatsakis, AristidisTse, GaryTsegay, Guesh MebrahtomTumurkhuu, MunkhtuyaT Y, Sree SudhaTye, Sok CinTyrovolas, StefanosUdoakang, Aniefiok JohnUllah, ShahidUllah, SaeedUmair, MuhammadUmar, Umar MuhammadUmar, LawanUnim, BrigidUpadhya, DineshUpadhyay, EraUsman, Jibrin SammaniUstunsoz, DamlaVaithinathan, Asokan GovindarajVan den Eynde, JefVarghese, JoeVasankari, Tommi JuhaniVaziri, SiavashVellingiri, BalachandarVenketasubramanian, NarayanaswamyVerma, MadhurVerma, AnjulVerras, Georgios-IoannisVidale, SimoneVillalobos-Daniel, Victor EVinayak, ManishVlassov, VasilyVos, TheoVukovic, RadeWahidin, MugiWahiduzzaman, MohammadWang, YanzhongWang, ShuWang, CongWang, XingxinWanjau, Mary NjeriWaqar, Ahmed BilalWaqas, MuhammadWeerakoon, Kosala GayanWei, Fei-LongWicaksana, Anggi LukmanWickramasinghe, Dakshitha PraneethWilleit, PeterWojewodzic, Marcin WWonde, Tewodros EsheteWongsin, UtoompornXia, QingXie, WanqingXu, SuowenXu, XiaoyueYamagishi, KazumasaYano, YuichiroYao, HaiqiangYarahmadi, AmirYaribeygi, HabibYesuf, Subah AbderehimYin, DehuiYon, Dong KeonYonemoto, NaohiroYu, ChuanhuaYuan, Chun-WeiYuce, DenizYunusa, IsmaeelZaman, Sojib BinZare, ImanZastrozhin, MichaelZeariya, Mohammed G MZhang, XiaoyiZhang, LiqunZhang, JingyaZhang, ZhiqiangZhang, Casper J PZheng, David XZheng, PengZhong, AnthonyZhong, Claire ChenwenZhou, JiayanZhu, BinZhumagaliuly, AbzalZielińska, MagdalenaZoghi, GhazalZou, ZhiyongZweck, ElricZyoud, Sa'ed HMurray, Christopher J LSawyer, Susan MVollset, Stein EmilEpidemicForecastingObesity PrevalenceGlobal TrendsInterventionBackgroundOverweight and obesity is a global epidemic. Forecasting future trajectories of the epidemic is crucial for providing an evidence base for policy change. In this study, we examine the historical trends of the global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity from 1990 to 2021 and forecast the future trajectories to 2050. MethodsLeveraging established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, we estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals aged 25 years and older by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2050. Retrospective and current prevalence trends were derived based on both self-reported and measured anthropometric data extracted from 1350 unique sources, which include survey microdata and reports, as well as published literature. Specific adjustment was applied to correct for self-report bias. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models were used to synthesise data, leveraging both spatial and temporal correlation in epidemiological trends, to optimise the comparability of results across time and geographies. To generate forecast estimates, we used forecasts of the Socio-demographic Index and temporal correlation patterns presented as annualised rate of change to inform future trajectories. We considered a reference scenario assuming the continuation of historical trends. FindingsRates of overweight and obesity increased at the global and regional levels, and in all nations, between 1990 and 2021. In 2021, an estimated 1·00 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·989–1·01) adult males and 1·11 billion (1·10–1·12) adult females had overweight and obesity. China had the largest population of adults with overweight and obesity (402 million [397–407] individuals), followed by India (180 million [167–194]) and the USA (172 million [169–174]). The highest age-standardised prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in countries in Oceania and north Africa and the Middle East, with many of these countries reporting prevalence of more than 80% in adults. Compared with 1990, the global prevalence of obesity had increased by 155·1% (149·8–160·3) in males and 104·9% (95% UI 100·9–108·8) in females. The most rapid rise in obesity prevalence was observed in the north Africa and the Middle East super-region, where age-standardised prevalence rates in males more than tripled and in females more than doubled. Assuming the continuation of historical trends, by 2050, we forecast that the total number of adults living with overweight and obesity will reach 3·80 billion (95% UI 3·39–4·04), over half of the likely global adult population at that time. While China, India, and the USA will continue to constitute a large proportion of the global population with overweight and obesity, the number in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region is forecasted to increase by 254·8% (234·4–269·5). In Nigeria specifically, the number of adults with overweight and obesity is forecasted to rise to 141 million (121–162) by 2050, making it the country with the fourth-largest population with overweight and obesity. InterpretationNo country to date has successfully curbed the rising rates of adult overweight and obesity. Without immediate and effective intervention, overweight and obesity will continue to increase globally. Particularly in Asia and Africa, driven by growing populations, the number of individuals with overweight and obesity is forecast to rise substantially. These regions will face a considerable increase in obesity-related disease burden. Merely acknowledging obesity as a global health issue would be negligent on the part of global health and public health practitioners; more aggressive and targeted measures are required to address this crisis, as obesity is one of the foremost avertible risks to health now and in the future and poses an unparalleled threat of premature disease and death at local, national, and global levels. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1152504).Elsevier2025-03-06T06:57:50Z2025-03-03Articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-101406736https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003551http://hdl.handle.net/10576/635051474-547Xenhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/635052025-03-06T19:08:21Z |
| spellingShingle | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Marie, Ng Epidemic Forecasting Obesity Prevalence Global Trends Intervention |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_full | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_short | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_sort | Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| topic | Epidemic Forecasting Obesity Prevalence Global Trends Intervention |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003551 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63505 |