Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BackgroundDespite the well documented consequences of obesity during childhood and adolescence and future risks of excess body mass on non-communicable diseases in adulthood, coordinated global action on excess body mass in early life is still insufficient. Inconsistent measurement and reporting are...
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| التنسيق: | article |
| منشور في: |
2025
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| الوصول للمادة أونلاين: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003976 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63503 |
| الوسوم: |
إضافة وسم
لا توجد وسوم, كن أول من يضع وسما على هذه التسجيلة!
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| _version_ | 1857415086722777088 |
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| author | Jessica A, Kerr |
| author2 | Patton, George C Cini, Karly I Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abbas, Nasir Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abd-Elsalam, Sherief Abdollahi, Arash Abdoun, Meriem Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdullahi, Auwal Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika Abie, Alemwork Abiodun, Olumide Abohashem, Shady Abtahi, Dariush Abualruz, Hasan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME Aburuz, Salahdein Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adams, Lisa C. Adane, Mesafint Molla Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola Adegoke, Nurudeen A Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adiga, Usha Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afify, Abdelrahman Yousry Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Aghamiri, Shahin Agostinis Sobrinho, César Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahlstrom, Austin J Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Fuzail Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Noah Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Akrami, Ashley E Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Ta'ani, Zain Al Thaher, Yazan Alalwan, Tariq A Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa Alansari, Amani Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y. Albashtawy, Mohammed Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje Algammal, Abdelazeem M Alhabib, Khalid F Alhuwail, Dari Ali, Abid Ali, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Alimohamadi, Yousef Al-Jabi, Samah W Aljofan, Mohamad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Alkhatib, Ahmad Almahmeed, Wael Al-Marwani, Sabah Alomari, Mahmoud A Alqahtani, Saleh A Alqarni, Abdullah A Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Alrimawi, Intima Alrousan, Sahel Majed Alshahrani, Najim Z Altaany, Zaid Altaf, Awais Alvi, Farrukh Jawad Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed Aly, Hany Aly, Safwat Alzoubi, Karem H Aman Mohammadi, Masoud Amera, Tewodros Getnet Amiri, Sohrab Amu, Hubert Amugsi, Dickson A Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Ananda, Roshan A Ancuceanu, Robert Ansari, Mohammed Tahir Ansari, Sumbul Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anvari, Saeid Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Arab, Juan Pablo Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Arifin, Hidayat Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Arooj, Mahwish Arora, Amit Artamonov, Anton A Artanti, Kurnia Dwi Arumugam, Ashokan Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Ashraf, Tahira Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Astell-Burt, Thomas Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atorkey, Prince Atreya, Alok Aumoldaeva, Zaure Maratovna Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara Azimi, Amirali Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. 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Mosfequr Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahmanian, Mohammad Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmati, Masoud Rai, Rajesh Kumar Raimondo, Ivano Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep Rajput, Prashant Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramasamy, Chitra Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rashedi, Sina Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan Rathish, Devarajan Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rautalin, Ilari Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed Rege, Sanika Rehman, Aqeeb Ur Reis-Mendes, Ana Remuzzi, Giuseppe Rezaei, Nazila Rezaeian, Mohsen Rhee, Taeho Gregory Rocha-Gomes, João Rocha Rodrigues da Silva, Thales Philipe Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Roever, Leonardo Rohloff, Peter Romadlon, Debby Syahru Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan Roshandel, Gholamreza Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Nitai Rwegerera, Godfrey M Saad, Aly M A Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed Sabzmakan, Leila Sadarangani, Kabir P Saddik, Basema Ahmad Sadeghi, Masoumeh Saeed, Umar Sagoe, Dominic Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Sahebkar, Amirhossein Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sajadi, S. Mohammad Sajid, Mirza Rizwan Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa Salaroli, Luciane B Saleem, Samreen Saleh, Mohamed A Salem, Marwa Rashad Salihu, Dauda Salimi, Sohrab Samy, Abdallah M Santric-Milicevic, Milena M Sarkar, Tanmay Sarmadi, Mohammad Sarode, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Sachin C Sassano, Michele Saulam, Jennifer Sawhney, Monika Saxena, Sonia Saya, Ganesh Kumar Schinckus, Christophe Schmidt, Maria Inês Schuermans, Art Selvaraj, Siddharthan Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret Sengupta, Pallav Senol, Yigit Can Senthilkumaran, Subramanian Sepanlou, Sadaf G Sethi, Yashendra Seylani, Allen Shafie, Mahan Shah, Sweni Shahid, Samiah Shahwan, Moyad Jamal Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran Shamsutdinova, Alfiya Shanawaz, Mohd Shannawaz, Mohammed Sharath, Medha Sharifan, Amin Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Vishal Sheida, Fateme Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shetty, Pavanchand H Shiferaw, Desalegn Shin, Min-Jeong Shirani Lapari, Mahsa Shiri, Rahman Shittu, Aminu Shool, Sina Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Shrestha, Gambhir Shrestha, Rajan Shuval, Kerem Si, Yafei Sibuyi, Nicole R S Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Siervo, Mario Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Singh, Amit Singh, Baljinder Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Kalpana Singh, Lucky Singh, Mitasha Singh, Poornima Suryanath Singh, Surjit Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna Smith, Amanda E Smith, Georgia Soliman, Sameh S M Soraneh, Soroush Spartalis, Michael Srichawla, Bahadar S Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon Starodubova, Antonina V Straif, Kurt Stubbs, Pete Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan Suleiman Odidi, Muritala Odidi Sulkowski, Aleksander Sultan Meo, Anusha Sun, Zhong Sunny, Sumam Sunuwar, Dev Ram Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz T Y, Sree Sudha Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir Tabatabai, Shima Tabche, Celine Tabish, Mohammad Taiba, Jabeen Tampa, Mircea Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze Tan, Ker-Kan Tanwar, Manoj Tariq, Saba Tat, Nathan Y Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani Teramoto, Masayuki Terefa, Dufera Rikitu Tewari, Jay Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan Thapar, Rekha Thavamani, Aravind Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish Thomas, Joe Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna Tiwari, Krishna Tomo, Sojit Tonelli, Marcello Touvier, Mathilde Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Trabelsi, Khaled Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Thang Huu Tran Minh Duc, Nguyen Trico, Domenico Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Tye, Sok Cin Udoakang, Aniefiok John Ullah, Atta Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Shahid Umair, Muhammad Umar, Lawan Umar, Umar Muhammad Unim, Brigid Upadhya, Dinesh Upadhyay, Era Usman, Jibrin Sammani Ustunsoz, Damla Vaezghasemi, Masoud Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Van den Eynde, Jef Varghese, Joe Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Vaziri, Siavash Vellingiri, Balachandar Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy Verma, Madhur Verras, Georgios-Ioannis Villalobos-Daniel, Victor E Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vlassov, Vasily Vollset, Stein Emil Vukovic, Rade Wahiduzzaman, Mohammad Wang, Cong Wang, Shu Wang, Xingxin Wang, Yanzhong Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Wei, Fei-Long Wicaksana, Anggi Lukman Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Willeit, Peter Wojewodzic, Marcin W Xia, Qing Xiao, Guangqin Xie, Wanqing Xu, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Yahya, Galal Yamagishi, Kazumasa Yano, Yuichiro Yao, Haiqiang Yarahmadi, Amir Yaribeygi, Habib Ye, Pengpeng Yesuf, Subah Abderehim Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yu, Chuanhua Yuan, Chun-Wei Yuce, Deniz Yunusa, Ismaeel Zamagni, Giulia Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Casper J P Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Jingya Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhao, Hanqing Zheng, David X Zhong, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhou, Jiayan Zhu, Bin Zhumagaliuly, Abzal Zielińska, Magdalena Zitoun, Osama A Zoghi, Ghazal Zou, Zhiyong Zyoud, Sa'ed H Gakidou, Emmanuela Sawyer, Susan M Azzopardi, Peter S |
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| author_facet | Jessica A, Kerr Patton, George C Cini, Karly I Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abbas, Nasir Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abd-Elsalam, Sherief Abdollahi, Arash Abdoun, Meriem Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdullahi, Auwal Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika Abie, Alemwork Abiodun, Olumide Abohashem, Shady Abtahi, Dariush Abualruz, Hasan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME Aburuz, Salahdein Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adams, Lisa C. Adane, Mesafint Molla Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola Adegoke, Nurudeen A Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adiga, Usha Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afify, Abdelrahman Yousry Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Aghamiri, Shahin Agostinis Sobrinho, César Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahlstrom, Austin J Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Fuzail Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Noah Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Akrami, Ashley E Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Ta'ani, Zain Al Thaher, Yazan Alalwan, Tariq A Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa Alansari, Amani Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y. Albashtawy, Mohammed Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje Algammal, Abdelazeem M Alhabib, Khalid F Alhuwail, Dari Ali, Abid Ali, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Alimohamadi, Yousef Al-Jabi, Samah W Aljofan, Mohamad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Alkhatib, Ahmad Almahmeed, Wael Al-Marwani, Sabah Alomari, Mahmoud A Alqahtani, Saleh A Alqarni, Abdullah A Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Alrimawi, Intima Alrousan, Sahel Majed Alshahrani, Najim Z Altaany, Zaid Altaf, Awais Alvi, Farrukh Jawad Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed Aly, Hany Aly, Safwat Alzoubi, Karem H Aman Mohammadi, Masoud Amera, Tewodros Getnet Amiri, Sohrab Amu, Hubert Amugsi, Dickson A Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Ananda, Roshan A Ancuceanu, Robert Ansari, Mohammed Tahir Ansari, Sumbul Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anvari, Saeid Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Arab, Juan Pablo Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Arifin, Hidayat Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Arooj, Mahwish Arora, Amit Artamonov, Anton A Artanti, Kurnia Dwi Arumugam, Ashokan Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Ashraf, Tahira Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Astell-Burt, Thomas Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atorkey, Prince Atreya, Alok Aumoldaeva, Zaure Maratovna Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara Azimi, Amirali Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Azzolino, Domenico Babashahi, Mina Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badran, Alaa Aboelnour Bagheri, Nasser Bai, Ruhai Baig, Atif Amin Bakkannavar, Shankar M Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin Bam, Kiran Banik, Rajon Barati, Shirin Bardhan, Mainak Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Barquera, Simon Barrow, Amadou Barua, Lingkan Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Saurav Bayat, Reza Bayih, Mulat Tirfie Bayleyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew Beeraka, Narasimha M Behera, Priyamadhaba Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda Bello, Umar Muhammad Belo, Luis Bennett, Derrick A Bergami, Maria Berhe, Kidanemaryam Berihun, Abiye Assefa Bhadoria, Ajeet Singh Bhala, Neeraj Bharadwaj, Ravi Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bilgin, Cem Bisignano, Catherine Biswas, Bijit Bizzozero Peroni, Bruno Bjertness, Espen Bjørge, Tone Boloor, Archith Boppana, Sri Harsha Bosoka, Samuel Adolf Bouaoud, Souad Boyko, Edward J Braithwaite, Dejana Brazo-Sayavera, Javier Brenner, Hermann Bryazka, Dana Bugiardini, Raffaele Bui, Linh Phuong Bustanji, Yasser Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap Calina, Daniela Cámera, Luis Alberto Campos, Luciana Aparecida Cao, Si Capodici, Angelo Carletti, Claudia Carvalho, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Cattafesta, Monica Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Cegolon, Luca Cembranel, Francieli Cerin, Ester Cernigliaro, Achille Chadwick, Joshua Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K Chang, Jung-Chen Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chaurasia, Akhilanand Chen, An-Tian Chen, Haowei Chew, Nicholas WS Chi, Gerald Chimoriya, Ritesh Ching, Patrick R Chitheer, Abdulaal Choi, Dong-Woo Chong, Bryan Chong, Chean Lin Chopra, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chou, Hou In Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, Sunghyun Chutiyami, Muhammad Cogen, Rebecca M Columbus, Alyssa Conrad, Nathalie Criqui, Michael H Cruz-Martins, Natalia da Silva, Alanna Gomes Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Dalakoti, Mayank D'Amico, Emanuele Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi D'Anna, Lucio Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn Darcho, Samuel Demissie Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Reza Dash, Nihar Ranjan Davletov, Kairat Dehghan, Azizallah Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Derbew Molla, Meseret Dergaa, Ismail Desale, Aragaw Tesfaw Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devegowda, Devananda Dhali, Arkadeep Dhungel, Bibha Diaz, Daniel Dinu, Monica Do, Thanh Chi do Prado, Camila Bruneli Dodangeh, Milad Doegah, Phidelia Theresa Dohare, Sushil Dokova, Klara Georgieva Doku, Paul Narh Dolatkhah, Neda D'Oria, Mario Dorostkar, Fariba - Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai Dowou, Robert Kokou Du, Mi Dumith, Samuel C Dumuid, Dorothea Duncan, Bruce B Dutta, Sulagna Ebrahimi, Alireza Edvardsson, Kristina Eighaei Sedeh, Ashkan Ekholuenetale, Michael El Arab, Rabie Adel El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed El-Ashker, Said Elbarazi, Iffat Elgendy, Islam Y Elhadi, Muhammed El-Metwally, Ashraf A Elmonem, Mohamed A Elnaem, Mohamed Hassan Elsheikh, Randa Eltaha, Chadi Emeto, Theophilus I Eslami, Maysa Fabin, Natalia Fadavian, Heidar Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Pawan Sirwan Farjoud Kouhanjani, Mohsen Farooque, Umar Farrokhpour, Hossein Fasusi, Samuel Aanuoluwapo Fazeli, Patrick Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Feng, Xiaoqi Fernandez-Jimenez, Rodrigo Ferreira, Nuno Foigt, Nataliya A Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich Foroumadi, Roham Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia Foschi, Matteo Francis, Kate Louise Franklin, Richard Charles Gába, Aleš Gadanya, Muktar A Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Galali, Yaseen Gallus, Silvano Ganesan, Balasankar Gangachannaiah, Shivaprakash Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Getacher, Lemma Getie, Molla Ghadirian, Fataneh Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Gil, Artyom Urievich Gill, Tiffany K Gillum, Richard F Girmay, Alem Abera Golechha, Mahaveer Goleij, Pouya Goulart, Alessandra C Grada, Ayman Grivna, Michal Grover, Ashna Guan, Zhongyang Guarducci, Giovanni Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Guha, Avirup Gulati, Snigdha Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga Guo, Zheng Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Vipin Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Hadi, Najah R Hadian, Zahra Hamdy, Nadia M Hamidi, Samer Hanif, Asif Hanifi, Nasrin Hankey, Graeme J Haq, Allie Haro, Josep Maria Hasan, Faizul Hashempour, Reza Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem Hasnain, Md Saquib Hassan, Amr Hassan, Nageeb Hassanipour, Soheil Hassanzade Rad, Afagh Havmoeller, Rasmus J Hay, Simon I Hebert, Jeffrey J Hezam, Kamal Hiraike, Yuta Hoang, Mai Holla, Ramesh Hossain, Alamgir Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hostiuc, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Htay, Zin Wai Hu, Mengsi Hu, Yifei Humayun, Ayesha Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes Husseiny, Mohamed Ibrahim Hussien, Foziya Mohammed Huynh, Hong-Han Hwang, Bing-Fang Ibrahim, Ramzi Ibrayeva, Anel Ikeda, Nayu Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja Inok, Arit Iqbal, Khalid Islam, Md Sahidul Islam, Md. Fakrul Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Iso, Hiroyasu Isola, Gaetano Ituka, Mosimah Charles Iwagami, Masao Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana Iyasu, Assefa N Jacob, Louis Jaffar, Shabbar Jahrami, Haitham Jain, Akhil Jain, Rajesh Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Javaid, Syed Sarmad Jayapal, Sathish Kumar Jayaram, Shubha Jebasingh, Felix K Jee, Sun Ha Jema, Alelign Tasew Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh Jonas, Jost B Joseph, Nitin Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Jürisson, Mikk Kaambwa, Billingsley Kabir, Ali Kadashetti, Vidya Kakkar, Ashish Kumar Kalra, Sanjay Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kankam, Samuel Berchi Kanmanthareddy, Arun R Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kantar, Rami S Kar, Debasish Karajizadeh, Mehrdad Karakasis, Paschalis Karimi Behnagh, Arman Karimzadhagh, Sahand Kassebaum, Nicholas J Kauppila, Joonas H Kayode, Gbenga A Kedir, Shemsu Kehagias, Dimitrios Keshwani, Ariz Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle Keykhaei, Mohammad Khajuria, Himanshu Khalili, Pantea Khalilian, Alireza Khalis, Mohamed Khan, Ajmal Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Nusrat Khanal, Vishnu Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Kheirkhah, Masoomeh Khidri, Feriha Fatima Khokhar, Manoj Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Sepehr Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood Khusun, Helda Kim, Gyu Ri Kim, Jihee Kim, Jinho Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kishore, Ladli KM, Shivakumar Kokkorakis, Michail Kompani, Farzad Korzh, Oleksii Kostev, Karel Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Kretchy, Irene Akwo Kua, Chong-Han Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuddus, Mohammed Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Vijay Kundu, Satyajit Kunutsor, Setor K Kurmi, Om P Kurniasari, Maria Dyah Kusuma, Dian Kytö, Ville La Vecchia, Carlo Lacey, Ben Lahariya, Chandrakant Lai, Daphne Teck Ching Landires, Iván Larijani, Bagher Lassi, Zohra S Le, Huyen Thi Thanh Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Hye Ah Lee, Munjae Lee, Paul H Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Li, An Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Wei Li, Yongze Lim, Stephen S Lin, Jialing Lin, Queran Lindholm, Daniel Lindstedt, Paulina A Liu, Jue Lo, Justin López-Gil, José Francisco Lorkowski, Stefan Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lugo, Alessandra Lutambi, Angelina M Ma, Zheng Feei Magaña Gómez, Javier A Maghbouli, Nastaran Mahalleh, Mehrdad Mahmood, Nozad H. Majeed, Azeem Makris, Konstantinos Christos C. Malakan Rad, Elaheh Malekzadeh, Reza Malhotra, Kashish Malik, Ahmad Azam Malik, Iram Malta, Deborah Carvalho Mamun, Abdullah A Manu, Emmanuel Marateb, Hamid Reza Marino, Mirko Marjani, Abdoljalal Martinez-Piedra, Ramon Martorell, Miquel März, Winfried Marzouk, Sammer Masrouri, Soroush Mathangasinghe, Yasith Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido Matthias, Thushara Mattiello, Rita Maugeri, Andrea Mazidi, Mohsen McPhail, Steven M Mechili, Enkeleint A Medel Salas, María Paz Mehmood, Asim Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran Mekene Meto, Tesfahun Meles, Hadush Negash Mendoza, Walter Menezes, Ritesh G Mengistie, Emiru Ayalew Meo, Sultan Ayoub Mestrovic, Tomislav Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda, Sachith Miao, Huanhuan Miller, Ted R Ming, Wai-kit Mirrakhimov, Erkin M Misganaw, Awoke Mitiku, Habtamu Mittal, Madhukar Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohammad, Taj Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim Mohammed, Shafiu Mokdad, Ali H Monasta, Lorenzo Mondello, Stefania Moni, Mohammad Ali Montazeri Namin, Sara Moodi Ghalibaf, AmirAli Moradi, Yousef Morrison, Shane Douglas Motappa, Rohith Mubarik, Sumaira Mulita, Francesk Mullany, Erin C Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham Murillo-Zamora, Efren Murray, Christopher J L Musa, Sani Mustafa, Ghulam Muthu, Sathish Mwita, Julius C Myung, Woojae Nafiu, Abdulrazaq Bidemi Nagel, Gabriele Naik, Ganesh R Naik, Hiten Nambi, Gopal Nangia, Vinay Nargus, Shumaila Nascimento, Gustavo G Nassar, Mahmoud Nauman, Javaid Naureen, Zakira Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Nawsherwan Nayak, Biswa Prakash Nazri-Panjaki, Athare Negahdary, Masoud Negoi, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Nematollahi, Soroush Nepal, Samata Netsere, Henok Biresaw Ng, Marie Ngunjiri, Josephine W Nguyen, Dang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Phuong The Niazi, Robina Khan Nieddu, Luciano Niknam, Mahdieh Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikoobar, Ali Nkeck, Jan Rene Nomura, Shuhei Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noreen, Mamoona Noubiap, Jean Jacques Nouri, Mehran Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi Nugen, Fred Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia Nur, Aqsha Nyande, Felix Kwasi Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe Oancea, Bogdan O'Connell, Erin M Odetokun, Ismail A Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O D Oguta, James Odhiambo Oh, In-Hwan Okati-Aliabad, Hassan Okeke, Sylvester Reuben Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul Okonji, Osaretin Christabel Olagunju, Andrew T Olalusi, Oladotun Victor Olasehinde, Tosin Abiola Oliveira, Arão Belitardo Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris Omar, Hany A Omar Bali, Ahmed Omer, Nesredin Ahmed Ong, Sok King Ordak, Michal Ortiz, Alberto Osborne, Augustus Osman, Wael M S Otoiu, Adrian Oumer, Abdu Ouyahia, Amel Owolabi, Mayowa O Owusu, Irene Amoakoh Oyebola, Kolapo Oyelade, Tope P A, Mahesh Padukudru Padron-Monedero, Alicia Padubidri, Jagadish Rao Palicz, Tamás Panda, Sujogya Kumar Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra Pandey, Anamika Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R Pant, Suman Pardhan, Shahina Parekh, Utsav Parija, Pragyan Paramita Parikh, Romil R Park, Eun-Cheol Passera, Roberto Patel, Jay Patoulias, Dimitrios Paudel, Susan Peprah, Prince Pereira, Marcos Perico, Norberto Perna, Simone Petcu, Ionela-Roxana Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily Pham, Hoang Nhat Pham, Tung Thanh Pirouzpanah, Saeed Polibin, Roman V Popovic, Djordje S Potani, Isabel Pourghazi, Farzad Pourshams, Akram Pradhan, Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Prasad, Manya Prashant, Akila Prates, Elton Junio Sady Puvvula, Jagadeesh Qattea, Ibrahim Qiao, Yanan Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman Radojˇić, Maja R Raggi, Catalina Rahman, Fryad Majeed Rahman, Md. Mosfequr Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahmanian, Mohammad Rahmanian, Vahid Rahmati, Masoud Rai, Rajesh Kumar Raimondo, Ivano Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep Rajput, Prashant Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramasamy, Chitra Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramazanu, Sheena Rana, Kritika Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal Rao, Mithun Rao, Sowmya J Rashedi, Sina Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan Rathish, Devarajan Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar Rautalin, Ilari Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Redwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed Rege, Sanika Rehman, Aqeeb Ur Reis-Mendes, Ana Remuzzi, Giuseppe Rezaei, Nazila Rezaeian, Mohsen Rhee, Taeho Gregory Rocha-Gomes, João Rocha Rodrigues da Silva, Thales Philipe Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Roever, Leonardo Rohloff, Peter Romadlon, Debby Syahru Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan Roshandel, Gholamreza Rout, Himanshu Sekhar Roy, Nitai Rwegerera, Godfrey M Saad, Aly M A Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed Sabzmakan, Leila Sadarangani, Kabir P Saddik, Basema Ahmad Sadeghi, Masoumeh Saeed, Umar Sagoe, Dominic Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Sahebkar, Amirhossein Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop Sajadi, S. Mohammad Sajid, Mirza Rizwan Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa Salaroli, Luciane B Saleem, Samreen Saleh, Mohamed A Salem, Marwa Rashad Salihu, Dauda Salimi, Sohrab Samy, Abdallah M Santric-Milicevic, Milena M Sarkar, Tanmay Sarmadi, Mohammad Sarode, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Sachin C Sassano, Michele Saulam, Jennifer Sawhney, Monika Saxena, Sonia Saya, Ganesh Kumar Schinckus, Christophe Schmidt, Maria Inês Schuermans, Art Selvaraj, Siddharthan Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret Sengupta, Pallav Senol, Yigit Can Senthilkumaran, Subramanian Sepanlou, Sadaf G Sethi, Yashendra Seylani, Allen Shafie, Mahan Shah, Sweni Shahid, Samiah Shahwan, Moyad Jamal Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran Shamsutdinova, Alfiya Shanawaz, Mohd Shannawaz, Mohammed Sharath, Medha Sharifan, Amin Sharma, Manoj Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Vishal Sheida, Fateme Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer Shetty, Pavanchand H Shiferaw, Desalegn Shin, Min-Jeong Shirani Lapari, Mahsa Shiri, Rahman Shittu, Aminu Shool, Sina Shorofi, Seyed Afshin Shrestha, Gambhir Shrestha, Rajan Shuval, Kerem Si, Yafei Sibuyi, Nicole R S Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar Siervo, Mario Silva, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Singh, Amit Singh, Baljinder Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Kalpana Singh, Lucky Singh, Mitasha Singh, Poornima Suryanath Singh, Surjit Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna Smith, Amanda E Smith, Georgia Soliman, Sameh S M Soraneh, Soroush Spartalis, Michael Srichawla, Bahadar S Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon Starodubova, Antonina V Straif, Kurt Stubbs, Pete Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan Suleiman Odidi, Muritala Odidi Sulkowski, Aleksander Sultan Meo, Anusha Sun, Zhong Sunny, Sumam Sunuwar, Dev Ram Swain, Chandan Kumar Szarpak, Lukasz T Y, Sree Sudha Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir Tabatabai, Shima Tabche, Celine Tabish, Mohammad Taiba, Jabeen Tampa, Mircea Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze Tan, Ker-Kan Tanwar, Manoj Tariq, Saba Tat, Nathan Y Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani Teramoto, Masayuki Terefa, Dufera Rikitu Tewari, Jay Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan Thapar, Rekha Thavamani, Aravind Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish Thomas, Joe Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna Tiwari, Krishna Tomo, Sojit Tonelli, Marcello Touvier, Mathilde Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Trabelsi, Khaled Tran, Ngoc Ha Tran, Thang Huu Tran Minh Duc, Nguyen Trico, Domenico Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya Tye, Sok Cin Udoakang, Aniefiok John Ullah, Atta Ullah, Saeed Ullah, Shahid Umair, Muhammad Umar, Lawan Umar, Umar Muhammad Unim, Brigid Upadhya, Dinesh Upadhyay, Era Usman, Jibrin Sammani Ustunsoz, Damla Vaezghasemi, Masoud Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj Van den Eynde, Jef Varghese, Joe Vasankari, Tommi Juhani Vaziri, Siavash Vellingiri, Balachandar Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy Verma, Madhur Verras, Georgios-Ioannis Villalobos-Daniel, Victor E Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vlassov, Vasily Vollset, Stein Emil Vukovic, Rade Wahiduzzaman, Mohammad Wang, Cong Wang, Shu Wang, Xingxin Wang, Yanzhong Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan Wei, Fei-Long Wicaksana, Anggi Lukman Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Willeit, Peter Wojewodzic, Marcin W Xia, Qing Xiao, Guangqin Xie, Wanqing Xu, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Yahya, Galal Yamagishi, Kazumasa Yano, Yuichiro Yao, Haiqiang Yarahmadi, Amir Yaribeygi, Habib Ye, Pengpeng Yesuf, Subah Abderehim Yin, Dehui Yon, Dong Keon Yonemoto, Naohiro Yu, Chuanhua Yuan, Chun-Wei Yuce, Deniz Yunusa, Ismaeel Zamagni, Giulia Zastrozhin, Michael Zeariya, Mohammed G M Zhang, Casper J P Zhang, Haijun Zhang, Jingya Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Xiaoyi Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhao, Hanqing Zheng, David X Zhong, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhou, Jiayan Zhu, Bin Zhumagaliuly, Abzal Zielińska, Magdalena Zitoun, Osama A Zoghi, Ghazal Zou, Zhiyong Zyoud, Sa'ed H Gakidou, Emmanuela Sawyer, Susan M Azzopardi, Peter S |
| author_role | author |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv | Jessica A, Kerr Patton, George C Cini, Karly I Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abbas, Nasir Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A Abd ElHafeez, Samar Abd-Elsalam, Sherief Abdollahi, Arash Abdoun, Meriem Abdulah, Deldar Morad Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdullahi, Auwal Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika Abie, Alemwork Abiodun, Olumide Abohashem, Shady Abtahi, Dariush Abualruz, Hasan Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Abukhadijah, Hana J Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME Aburuz, Salahdein Abu-Zaid, Ahmed Adams, Lisa C. Adane, Mesafint Molla Addo, Isaac Yeboah Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola Adegoke, Nurudeen A Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther Adiga, Usha Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Afify, Abdelrahman Yousry Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afzal, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika Aghamiri, Shahin Agostinis Sobrinho, César Agyemang-Duah, Williams Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku Ahlstrom, Austin J Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Fuzail Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Noah Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh Ahmed, Syed Anees Ajami, Marjan Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed Akrami, Ashley E Al Hamad, Hanadi Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz Al Ta'ani, Zain Al Thaher, Yazan Alalwan, Tariq A Al-Aly, Ziyad Alam, Khurshid Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa Alansari, Amani Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y. Albashtawy, Mohammed Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje Algammal, Abdelazeem M Alhabib, Khalid F Alhuwail, Dari Ali, Abid Ali, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Waad Alif, Sheikh Mohammad Alimohamadi, Yousef Al-Jabi, Samah W Aljofan, Mohamad Aljunid, Syed Mohamed Alkhatib, Ahmad Almahmeed, Wael Al-Marwani, Sabah Alomari, Mahmoud A Alqahtani, Saleh A Alqarni, Abdullah A Alrawashdeh, Ahmad Alrimawi, Intima Alrousan, Sahel Majed Alshahrani, Najim Z Altaany, Zaid Altaf, Awais Alvi, Farrukh Jawad Alvis-Guzman, Nelson Al-Wardat, Mohammad Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed Aly, Hany Aly, Safwat Alzoubi, Karem H Aman Mohammadi, Masoud Amera, Tewodros Getnet Amiri, Sohrab Amu, Hubert Amugsi, Dickson A Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi Ananda, Roshan A Ancuceanu, Robert Ansari, Mohammed Tahir Ansari, Sumbul Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola Anvari, Saeid Anwar, Sumadi Lukman Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward Arab, Juan Pablo Arabloo, Jalal Arafat, Mosab Aravkin, Aleksandr Y Areda, Demelash Aregawi, Brhane Berhe Arifin, Hidayat Armocida, Benedetta Ärnlöv, Johan Arooj, Mahwish Arora, Amit Artamonov, Anton A Artanti, Kurnia Dwi Arumugam, Ashokan Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad Ashraf, Tahira Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Astell-Burt, Thomas Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin Atorkey, Prince Atreya, Alok Aumoldaeva, Zaure Maratovna Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara Azimi, Amirali Aziz, Sadat Abdulla Aziz, Shahkaar Azzam, Ahmed Y. Azzolino, Domenico Babashahi, Mina Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah Badran, Alaa Aboelnour Bagheri, Nasser Bai, Ruhai Baig, Atif Amin Bakkannavar, Shankar M Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin Bam, Kiran Banik, Rajon Barati, Shirin Bardhan, Mainak Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat Barquera, Simon Barrow, Amadou Barua, Lingkan Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi Basu, Saurav Bayat, Reza Bayih, Mulat Tirfie Bayleyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew Beeraka, Narasimha M Behera, Priyamadhaba Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda Bello, Umar Muhammad Belo, Luis Bennett, Derrick A Bergami, Maria Berhe, Kidanemaryam Berihun, Abiye Assefa Bhadoria, Ajeet Singh Bhala, Neeraj Bharadwaj, Ravi Bhardwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhaskar, Sonu Bhat, Ajay Nagesh Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bilgin, Cem Bisignano, Catherine Biswas, Bijit Bizzozero Peroni, Bruno Bjertness, Espen Bjørge, Tone Boloor, Archith Boppana, Sri Harsha Bosoka, Samuel Adolf Bouaoud, Souad Boyko, Edward J Braithwaite, Dejana Brazo-Sayavera, Javier Brenner, Hermann Bryazka, Dana Bugiardini, Raffaele Bui, Linh Phuong Bustanji, Yasser Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap Calina, Daniela Cámera, Luis Alberto Campos, Luciana Aparecida Cao, Si Capodici, Angelo Carletti, Claudia Carvalho, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Cattafesta, Monica Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia Cegolon, Luca Cembranel, Francieli Cerin, Ester Cernigliaro, Achille Chadwick, Joshua Chakraborty, Chiranjib Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K Chang, Jung-Chen Chattu, Vijay Kumar Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad Chaurasia, Akhilanand Chen, An-Tian Chen, Haowei Chew, Nicholas WS Chi, Gerald Chimoriya, Ritesh Ching, Patrick R Chitheer, Abdulaal Choi, Dong-Woo Chong, Bryan Chong, Chean Lin Chopra, Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Chou, Hou In Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan Chung, Sheng-Chia Chung, Sunghyun Chutiyami, Muhammad Cogen, Rebecca M Columbus, Alyssa Conrad, Nathalie Criqui, Michael H Cruz-Martins, Natalia da Silva, Alanna Gomes Dadras, Omid Dai, Xiaochen Dalakoti, Mayank D'Amico, Emanuele Dandona, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi D'Anna, Lucio Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn Darcho, Samuel Demissie Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Reza Dash, Nihar Ranjan Davletov, Kairat Dehghan, Azizallah Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar Derbew Molla, Meseret Dergaa, Ismail Desale, Aragaw Tesfaw Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devegowda, Devananda Dhali, Arkadeep Dhungel, Bibha Diaz, Daniel Dinu, Monica Do, Thanh Chi do Prado, Camila Bruneli Dodangeh, Milad Doegah, Phidelia Theresa Dohare, Sushil Dokova, Klara Georgieva Doku, Paul Narh Dolatkhah, Neda D'Oria, Mario Dorostkar, Fariba - Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai Dowou, Robert Kokou Du, Mi Dumith, Samuel C Dumuid, Dorothea Duncan, Bruce B Dutta, Sulagna Ebrahimi, Alireza Edvardsson, Kristina Eighaei Sedeh, Ashkan Ekholuenetale, Michael El Arab, Rabie Adel El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed El-Ashker, Said Elbarazi, Iffat Elgendy, Islam Y Elhadi, Muhammed El-Metwally, Ashraf A Elmonem, Mohamed A Elnaem, Mohamed Hassan Elsheikh, Randa Eltaha, Chadi Emeto, Theophilus I Eslami, Maysa Fabin, Natalia Fadavian, Heidar Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Pawan Sirwan Farjoud Kouhanjani, Mohsen Farooque, Umar Farrokhpour, Hossein Fasusi, Samuel Aanuoluwapo Fazeli, Patrick Fazylov, Timur Feizkhah, Alireza Fekadu, Ginenus Feng, Xiaoqi Fernandez-Jimenez, Rodrigo Ferreira, Nuno Foigt, Nataliya A Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich Foroumadi, Roham Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia Foschi, Matteo Francis, Kate Louise Franklin, Richard Charles Gába, Aleš Gadanya, Muktar A Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji Galali, Yaseen Gallus, Silvano Ganesan, Balasankar Gangachannaiah, Shivaprakash Gebregergis, Miglas Welay Gebrehiwot, Mesfin Getacher, Lemma Getie, Molla Ghadirian, Fataneh Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed Gil, Artyom Urievich Gill, Tiffany K Gillum, Richard F Girmay, Alem Abera Golechha, Mahaveer Goleij, Pouya Goulart, Alessandra C Grada, Ayman Grivna, Michal Grover, Ashna Guan, Zhongyang Guarducci, Giovanni Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Guha, Avirup Gulati, Snigdha Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga Guo, Zheng Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Vipin Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven Guzman-Esquivel, Jose Hadi, Najah R Hadian, Zahra Hamdy, Nadia M Hamidi, Samer Hanif, Asif Hanifi, Nasrin Hankey, Graeme J Haq, Allie Haro, Josep Maria Hasan, Faizul Hashempour, Reza Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem Hasnain, Md Saquib Hassan, Amr Hassan, Nageeb Hassanipour, Soheil Hassanzade Rad, Afagh Havmoeller, Rasmus J Hay, Simon I Hebert, Jeffrey J Hezam, Kamal Hiraike, Yuta Hoang, Mai Holla, Ramesh Hossain, Alamgir Hosseinzadeh, Hassan Hostiuc, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Htay, Zin Wai Hu, Mengsi Hu, Yifei Humayun, Ayesha Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes Husseiny, Mohamed Ibrahim Hussien, Foziya Mohammed Huynh, Hong-Han Hwang, Bing-Fang Ibrahim, Ramzi Ibrayeva, Anel Ikeda, Nayu Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen Ilic, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja Inok, Arit Iqbal, Khalid Islam, Md Sahidul Islam, Md. Fakrul Islam, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Iso, Hiroyasu Isola, Gaetano Ituka, Mosimah Charles Iwagami, Masao Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana Iyasu, Assefa N Jacob, Louis Jaffar, Shabbar Jahrami, Haitham Jain, Akhil Jain, Rajesh Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman Jakovljevic, Mihajlo Javaid, Syed Sarmad Jayapal, Sathish Kumar Jayaram, Shubha Jebasingh, Felix K Jee, Sun Ha Jema, Alelign Tasew Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh Jonas, Jost B Joseph, Nitin Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy Jürisson, Mikk Kaambwa, Billingsley Kabir, Ali Kadashetti, Vidya Kakkar, Ashish Kumar Kalra, Sanjay Kanaan, Saddam Fuad Kankam, Samuel Berchi Kanmanthareddy, Arun R Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem Kantar, Rami S Kar, Debasish Karajizadeh, Mehrdad Karakasis, Paschalis Karimi Behnagh, Arman Karimzadhagh, Sahand Kassebaum, Nicholas J Kauppila, Joonas H Kayode, Gbenga A Kedir, Shemsu Kehagias, Dimitrios Keshwani, Ariz Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle Keykhaei, Mohammad Khajuria, Himanshu Khalili, Pantea Khalilian, Alireza Khalis, Mohamed Khan, Ajmal Khan, Maseer Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, Nusrat Khanal, Vishnu Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Kheirkhah, Masoomeh Khidri, Feriha Fatima Khokhar, Manoj Khosla, Atulya Aman Khosravi, Sepehr Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood Khusun, Helda Kim, Gyu Ri Kim, Jihee Kim, Jinho Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kimokoti, Ruth W Kisa, Adnan Kishore, Ladli KM, Shivakumar Kokkorakis, Michail Kompani, Farzad Korzh, Oleksii Kostev, Karel Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi Kretchy, Irene Akwo Kua, Chong-Han Kuate Defo, Barthelemy Kuddus, Mohammed Kulimbet, Mukhtar Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Vijay Kundu, Satyajit Kunutsor, Setor K Kurmi, Om P Kurniasari, Maria Dyah Kusuma, Dian Kytö, Ville La Vecchia, Carlo Lacey, Ben Lahariya, Chandrakant Lai, Daphne Teck Ching Landires, Iván Larijani, Bagher Lassi, Zohra S Le, Huyen Thi Thanh Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Lee, Hye Ah Lee, Munjae Lee, Paul H Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Li, An Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Wei Li, Yongze Lim, Stephen S Lin, Jialing Lin, Queran Lindholm, Daniel Lindstedt, Paulina A Liu, Jue Lo, Justin López-Gil, José Francisco Lorkowski, Stefan Lucchetti, Giancarlo Lugo, Alessandra Lutambi, Angelina M Ma, Zheng Feei Magaña Gómez, Javier A Maghbouli, Nastaran Mahalleh, Mehrdad Mahmood, Nozad H. Majeed, Azeem Makris, Konstantinos Christos C. 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| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv | 2025-03-06T06:45:48Z 2025-03-03 |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv | application/pdf |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6 01406736 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003976 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63503 1474-547X |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv | en |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv | Elsevier |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv | Obesity Childhood Prevalence Forecast Global Burden Public Health |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv | Article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| description | BackgroundDespite the well documented consequences of obesity during childhood and adolescence and future risks of excess body mass on non-communicable diseases in adulthood, coordinated global action on excess body mass in early life is still insufficient. Inconsistent measurement and reporting are a barrier to specific targets, resource allocation, and interventions. In this Article we report current estimates of overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence, progress over time, and forecasts to inform specific actions. MethodsUsing established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we modelled overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence from 1990 to 2021, and then forecasted to 2050. Primary data for our models included 1321 unique measured and self-reported anthropometric data sources from 180 countries and territories from survey microdata, reports, and published literature. These data were used to estimate age-standardised global, regional, and national overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence (separately) for children and young adolescents (aged 5–14 years, typically in school and cared for by child health services) and older adolescents (aged 15–24 years, increasingly out of school and cared for by adult services) by sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2021 were generated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models, which leveraged temporal and spatial correlation in epidemiological trends to ensure comparability of results across time and geography. Prevalence forecasts from 2022 to 2050 were generated using a generalised ensemble modelling approach assuming continuation of current trends. For every age-sex-location population across time (1990–2050), we estimated obesity (vs overweight) predominance using the log ratio of obesity percentage to overweight percentage. FindingsBetween 1990 and 2021, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents doubled, and that of obesity alone tripled. By 2021, 93·1 million (95% uncertainty interval 89·6–96·6) individuals aged 5–14 years and 80·6 million (78·2–83·3) aged 15–24 years had obesity. At the super-region level in 2021, the prevalence of overweight and of obesity was highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and the greatest increase from 1990 to 2021 was seen in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Taiwan [province of China], Maldives, and China). By 2021, for females in both age groups, many countries in Australasia (eg, Australia) and in high-income North America (eg, Canada) had already transitioned to obesity predominance, as had males and females in a number of countries in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Qatar) and Oceania (eg, Cook Islands and American Samoa). From 2022 to 2050, global increases in overweight (not obesity) prevalence are forecasted to stabilise, yet the increase in the absolute proportion of the global population with obesity is forecasted to be greater than between 1990 and 2021, with substantial increases forecast between 2022 and 2030, which continue between 2031 and 2050. By 2050, super-region obesity prevalence is forecasted to remain highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and forecasted increases in obesity are still expected to be largest across southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Timor-Leste and North Korea), but also in south Asia (eg, Nepal and Bangladesh). Compared with those aged 15–24 years, in most super-regions (except Latin America and the Caribbean and the high-income super-region) a greater proportion of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity than overweight by 2050. Globally, 15·6% (12·7–17·2) of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity by 2050 (186 million [141–221]), compared with 14·2% (11·4–15·7) of those aged 15–24 years (175 million [136–203]). We forecasted that by 2050, there will be more young males (aged 5–14 years) living with obesity (16·5% [13·3–18·3]) than overweight (12·9% [12·2–13·6]); while for females (aged 5–24 years) and older males (aged 15–24 years), overweight will remain more prevalent than obesity. At a regional level, the following populations are forecast to have transitioned to obesity (vs overweight) predominance before 2041–50: children and adolescents (males and females aged 5–24 years) in north Africa and the Middle East and Tropical Latin America; males aged 5–14 years in east Asia, central and southern sub-Saharan Africa, and central Latin America; females aged 5–14 years in Australasia; females aged 15–24 years in Australasia, high-income North America, and southern sub-Saharan Africa; and males aged 15–24 years in high-income North America. InterpretationBoth overweight and obesity increased substantially in every world region between 1990 and 2021, suggesting that current approaches to curbing increases in overweight and obesity have failed a generation of children and adolescents. Beyond 2021, overweight during childhood and adolescence is forecast to stabilise due to further increases in the population who have obesity. Increases in obesity are expected to continue for all populations in all world regions. Because substantial change is forecasted to occur between 2022 and 2030, immediate actions are needed to address this public health crisis. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. |
| eu_rights_str_mv | openAccess |
| format | article |
| id | qu_7ecebd269c0a0f0ef193f06d7a217d66 |
| identifier_str_mv | 01406736 1474-547X |
| language_invalid_str_mv | en |
| network_acronym_str | qu |
| network_name_str | Qatar University repository |
| oai_identifier_str | oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/63503 |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv | Elsevier |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv | |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv | |
| repository_id_str | |
| rights_invalid_str_mv | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |
| spelling | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021Jessica A, KerrPatton, George CCini, Karly IAbate, Yohannes HabtegiorgisAbbas, NasirAbd Al Magied, Abdallah H AAbd ElHafeez, SamarAbd-Elsalam, SheriefAbdollahi, ArashAbdoun, MeriemAbdulah, Deldar MoradAbdulkader, Rizwan SuliankatchiAbdullahi, AuwalAbeywickrama, Hansani MadushikaAbie, AlemworkAbiodun, OlumideAbohashem, ShadyAbtahi, DariushAbualruz, HasanAbubakar, BilyaminuAbu-Gharbieh, EmanAbukhadijah, Hana JAbu-Rmeileh, Niveen MEAburuz, SalahdeinAbu-Zaid, AhmedAdams, Lisa C.Adane, Mesafint MollaAddo, Isaac YeboahAdedokun, Kamoru AdemolaAdegoke, Nurudeen AAdesola, Ridwan OlamilekanAdetunji, Juliana BunmiAdeyeoluwa, Temitayo EstherAdiga, UshaAdnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas SakilahAfify, Abdelrahman YousryAfolabi, Aanuoluwapo AdeyimikaAfzal, Muhammad SohailAfzal, SairaAgampodi, Suneth 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Inconsistent measurement and reporting are a barrier to specific targets, resource allocation, and interventions. In this Article we report current estimates of overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence, progress over time, and forecasts to inform specific actions. MethodsUsing established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we modelled overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence from 1990 to 2021, and then forecasted to 2050. Primary data for our models included 1321 unique measured and self-reported anthropometric data sources from 180 countries and territories from survey microdata, reports, and published literature. These data were used to estimate age-standardised global, regional, and national overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence (separately) for children and young adolescents (aged 5–14 years, typically in school and cared for by child health services) and older adolescents (aged 15–24 years, increasingly out of school and cared for by adult services) by sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2021 were generated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models, which leveraged temporal and spatial correlation in epidemiological trends to ensure comparability of results across time and geography. Prevalence forecasts from 2022 to 2050 were generated using a generalised ensemble modelling approach assuming continuation of current trends. For every age-sex-location population across time (1990–2050), we estimated obesity (vs overweight) predominance using the log ratio of obesity percentage to overweight percentage. FindingsBetween 1990 and 2021, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents doubled, and that of obesity alone tripled. By 2021, 93·1 million (95% uncertainty interval 89·6–96·6) individuals aged 5–14 years and 80·6 million (78·2–83·3) aged 15–24 years had obesity. At the super-region level in 2021, the prevalence of overweight and of obesity was highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and the greatest increase from 1990 to 2021 was seen in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Taiwan [province of China], Maldives, and China). By 2021, for females in both age groups, many countries in Australasia (eg, Australia) and in high-income North America (eg, Canada) had already transitioned to obesity predominance, as had males and females in a number of countries in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Qatar) and Oceania (eg, Cook Islands and American Samoa). From 2022 to 2050, global increases in overweight (not obesity) prevalence are forecasted to stabilise, yet the increase in the absolute proportion of the global population with obesity is forecasted to be greater than between 1990 and 2021, with substantial increases forecast between 2022 and 2030, which continue between 2031 and 2050. By 2050, super-region obesity prevalence is forecasted to remain highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and forecasted increases in obesity are still expected to be largest across southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Timor-Leste and North Korea), but also in south Asia (eg, Nepal and Bangladesh). Compared with those aged 15–24 years, in most super-regions (except Latin America and the Caribbean and the high-income super-region) a greater proportion of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity than overweight by 2050. Globally, 15·6% (12·7–17·2) of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity by 2050 (186 million [141–221]), compared with 14·2% (11·4–15·7) of those aged 15–24 years (175 million [136–203]). We forecasted that by 2050, there will be more young males (aged 5–14 years) living with obesity (16·5% [13·3–18·3]) than overweight (12·9% [12·2–13·6]); while for females (aged 5–24 years) and older males (aged 15–24 years), overweight will remain more prevalent than obesity. At a regional level, the following populations are forecast to have transitioned to obesity (vs overweight) predominance before 2041–50: children and adolescents (males and females aged 5–24 years) in north Africa and the Middle East and Tropical Latin America; males aged 5–14 years in east Asia, central and southern sub-Saharan Africa, and central Latin America; females aged 5–14 years in Australasia; females aged 15–24 years in Australasia, high-income North America, and southern sub-Saharan Africa; and males aged 15–24 years in high-income North America. InterpretationBoth overweight and obesity increased substantially in every world region between 1990 and 2021, suggesting that current approaches to curbing increases in overweight and obesity have failed a generation of children and adolescents. Beyond 2021, overweight during childhood and adolescence is forecast to stabilise due to further increases in the population who have obesity. Increases in obesity are expected to continue for all populations in all world regions. Because substantial change is forecasted to occur between 2022 and 2030, immediate actions are needed to address this public health crisis. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.Elsevier2025-03-06T06:45:48Z2025-03-03Articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-601406736https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003976http://hdl.handle.net/10576/635031474-547Xenhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/635032025-03-06T19:08:21Z |
| spellingShingle | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Jessica A, Kerr Obesity Childhood Prevalence Forecast Global Burden Public Health |
| status_str | publishedVersion |
| title | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_full | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_fullStr | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_short | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| title_sort | Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |
| topic | Obesity Childhood Prevalence Forecast Global Burden Public Health |
| url | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003976 http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63503 |