Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDespite the well documented consequences of obesity during childhood and adolescence and future risks of excess body mass on non-communicable diseases in adulthood, coordinated global action on excess body mass in early life is still insufficient. Inconsistent measurement and reporting are...

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التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
المؤلف الرئيسي: Jessica A, Kerr (author)
مؤلفون آخرون: Patton, George C (author), Cini, Karly I (author), Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis (author), Abbas, Nasir (author), Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A (author), Abd ElHafeez, Samar (author), Abd-Elsalam, Sherief (author), Abdollahi, Arash (author), Abdoun, Meriem (author), Abdulah, Deldar Morad (author), Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi (author), Abdullahi, Auwal (author), Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika (author), Abie, Alemwork (author), Abiodun, Olumide (author), Abohashem, Shady (author), Abtahi, Dariush (author), Abualruz, Hasan (author), Abubakar, Bilyaminu (author), Abu-Gharbieh, Eman (author), Abukhadijah, Hana J (author), Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME (author), Aburuz, Salahdein (author), Abu-Zaid, Ahmed (author), Adams, Lisa C. (author), Adane, Mesafint Molla (author), Addo, Isaac Yeboah (author), Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola (author), Adegoke, Nurudeen A (author), Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan (author), Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi (author), Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther (author), Adiga, Usha (author), Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah (author), Afify, Abdelrahman Yousry (author), Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika (author), Afzal, Muhammad Sohail (author), Afzal, Saira (author), Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika (author), Aghamiri, Shahin (author), Agostinis Sobrinho, César (author), Agyemang-Duah, Williams (author), Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku (author), Ahlstrom, Austin J (author), Ahmad, Aqeel (author), Ahmad, Danish (author), Ahmad, Fuzail (author), Ahmad, Muayyad M (author), Ahmad, Noah (author), Ahmad, Sajjad (author), Ahmed, Ayman (author), Ahmed, Haroon (author), Ahmed, Luai A (author), Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif (author), Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh (author), Ahmed, Syed Anees (author), Ajami, Marjan (author), Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed (author), Akrami, Ashley E (author), Al Hamad, Hanadi (author), Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz (author), Al Ta'ani, Zain (author), Al Thaher, Yazan (author), Alalwan, Tariq A (author), Al-Aly, Ziyad (author), Alam, Khurshid (author), Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa (author), Alansari, Amani (author), Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y. 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التنسيق: article
منشور في: 2025
الموضوعات:
الوصول للمادة أونلاين:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003976
http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63503
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author Jessica A, Kerr
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Li, Wei
Li, Yongze
Lim, Stephen S
Lin, Jialing
Lin, Queran
Lindholm, Daniel
Lindstedt, Paulina A
Liu, Jue
Lo, Justin
López-Gil, José Francisco
Lorkowski, Stefan
Lucchetti, Giancarlo
Lugo, Alessandra
Lutambi, Angelina M
Ma, Zheng Feei
Magaña Gómez, Javier A
Maghbouli, Nastaran
Mahalleh, Mehrdad
Mahmood, Nozad H.
Majeed, Azeem
Makris, Konstantinos Christos C.
Malakan Rad, Elaheh
Malekzadeh, Reza
Malhotra, Kashish
Malik, Ahmad Azam
Malik, Iram
Malta, Deborah Carvalho
Mamun, Abdullah A
Manu, Emmanuel
Marateb, Hamid Reza
Marino, Mirko
Marjani, Abdoljalal
Martinez-Piedra, Ramon
Martorell, Miquel
März, Winfried
Marzouk, Sammer
Masrouri, Soroush
Mathangasinghe, Yasith
Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido
Matthias, Thushara
Mattiello, Rita
Maugeri, Andrea
Mazidi, Mohsen
McPhail, Steven M
Mechili, Enkeleint A
Medel Salas, María Paz
Mehmood, Asim
Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran
Mekene Meto, Tesfahun
Meles, Hadush Negash
Mendoza, Walter
Menezes, Ritesh G
Mengistie, Emiru Ayalew
Meo, Sultan Ayoub
Mestrovic, Tomislav
Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege
Mettananda, Sachith
Miao, Huanhuan
Miller, Ted R
Ming, Wai-kit
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M
Misganaw, Awoke
Mitiku, Habtamu
Mittal, Madhukar
Mohamed, Jama
Mohamed, Mona Gamal
Mohamed, Nouh Saad
Mohammad, Taj
Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh
Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah
Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim
Mohammed, Shafiu
Mokdad, Ali H
Monasta, Lorenzo
Mondello, Stefania
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Montazeri Namin, Sara
Moodi Ghalibaf, AmirAli
Moradi, Yousef
Morrison, Shane Douglas
Motappa, Rohith
Mubarik, Sumaira
Mulita, Francesk
Mullany, Erin C
Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham
Murillo-Zamora, Efren
Murray, Christopher J L
Musa, Sani
Mustafa, Ghulam
Muthu, Sathish
Mwita, Julius C
Myung, Woojae
Nafiu, Abdulrazaq Bidemi
Nagel, Gabriele
Naik, Ganesh R
Naik, Hiten
Nambi, Gopal
Nangia, Vinay
Nargus, Shumaila
Nascimento, Gustavo G
Nassar, Mahmoud
Nauman, Javaid
Naureen, Zakira
Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari
Nawsherwan
Nayak, Biswa Prakash
Nazri-Panjaki, Athare
Negahdary, Masoud
Negoi, Ionut
Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
Nematollahi, Soroush
Nepal, Samata
Netsere, Henok Biresaw
Ng, Marie
Ngunjiri, Josephine W
Nguyen, Dang
Nguyen, Phat Tuan
Nguyen, Phuong The
Niazi, Robina Khan
Nieddu, Luciano
Niknam, Mahdieh
Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos
Nikoobar, Ali
Nkeck, Jan Rene
Nomura, Shuhei
Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed
Noreen, Mamoona
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Nouri, Mehran
Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi
Nugen, Fred
Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia
Nur, Aqsha
Nyande, Felix Kwasi
Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe
Oancea, Bogdan
O'Connell, Erin M
Odetokun, Ismail A
Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O D
Oguta, James Odhiambo
Oh, In-Hwan
Okati-Aliabad, Hassan
Okeke, Sylvester Reuben
Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul
Okonji, Osaretin Christabel
Olagunju, Andrew T
Olalusi, Oladotun Victor
Olasehinde, Tosin Abiola
Oliveira, Arão Belitardo
Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes
Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris
Omar, Hany A
Omar Bali, Ahmed
Omer, Nesredin Ahmed
Ong, Sok King
Ordak, Michal
Ortiz, Alberto
Osborne, Augustus
Osman, Wael M S
Otoiu, Adrian
Oumer, Abdu
Ouyahia, Amel
Owolabi, Mayowa O
Owusu, Irene Amoakoh
Oyebola, Kolapo
Oyelade, Tope
P A, Mahesh Padukudru
Padron-Monedero, Alicia
Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
Palicz, Tamás
Panda, Sujogya Kumar
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
Pandey, Anamika
Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R
Pant, Suman
Pardhan, Shahina
Parekh, Utsav
Parija, Pragyan Paramita
Parikh, Romil R
Park, Eun-Cheol
Passera, Roberto
Patel, Jay
Patoulias, Dimitrios
Paudel, Susan
Peprah, Prince
Pereira, Marcos
Perico, Norberto
Perna, Simone
Petcu, Ionela-Roxana
Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily
Pham, Hoang Nhat
Pham, Tung Thanh
Pirouzpanah, Saeed
Polibin, Roman V
Popovic, Djordje S
Potani, Isabel
Pourghazi, Farzad
Pourshams, Akram
Pradhan, Jalandhar
Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh
Prasad, Manya
Prashant, Akila
Prates, Elton Junio Sady
Puvvula, Jagadeesh
Qattea, Ibrahim
Qiao, Yanan
Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman
Radojˇić, Maja R
Raggi, Catalina
Rahman, Fryad Majeed
Rahman, Md. Mosfequr
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
Rahman, Mosiur
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
Rahmanian, Mohammad
Rahmanian, Vahid
Rahmati, Masoud
Rai, Rajesh Kumar
Raimondo, Ivano
Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep
Rajput, Prashant
Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed
Ramasamy, Chitra
Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran
Ramazanu, Sheena
Rana, Kritika
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Rao, Mithun
Rao, Sowmya J
Rashedi, Sina
Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi
Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan
Rathish, Devarajan
Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar
Rautalin, Ilari
Rawaf, David Laith
Rawaf, Salman
Redwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed
Rege, Sanika
Rehman, Aqeeb Ur
Reis-Mendes, Ana
Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Rezaei, Nazila
Rezaeian, Mohsen
Rhee, Taeho Gregory
Rocha-Gomes, João Rocha
Rodrigues da Silva, Thales Philipe
Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia
Roever, Leonardo
Rohloff, Peter
Romadlon, Debby Syahru
Rony, Moustaq Karim Khan
Roshandel, Gholamreza
Rout, Himanshu Sekhar
Roy, Nitai
Rwegerera, Godfrey M
Saad, Aly M A
Saber-Ayad, Maha Mohamed
Sabzmakan, Leila
Sadarangani, Kabir P
Saddik, Basema Ahmad
Sadeghi, Masoumeh
Saeed, Umar
Sagoe, Dominic
Saheb Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh
Sahebkar, Amirhossein
Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop
Sajadi, S. Mohammad
Sajid, Mirza Rizwan
Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa
Salaroli, Luciane B
Saleem, Samreen
Saleh, Mohamed A
Salem, Marwa Rashad
Salihu, Dauda
Salimi, Sohrab
Samy, Abdallah M
Santric-Milicevic, Milena M
Sarkar, Tanmay
Sarmadi, Mohammad
Sarode, Gargi Sachin
Sarode, Sachin C
Sassano, Michele
Saulam, Jennifer
Sawhney, Monika
Saxena, Sonia
Saya, Ganesh Kumar
Schinckus, Christophe
Schmidt, Maria Inês
Schuermans, Art
Selvaraj, Siddharthan
Sendekie, Ashenafi Kibret
Sengupta, Pallav
Senol, Yigit Can
Senthilkumaran, Subramanian
Sepanlou, Sadaf G
Sethi, Yashendra
Seylani, Allen
Shafie, Mahan
Shah, Sweni
Shahid, Samiah
Shahwan, Moyad Jamal
Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib
Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran
Shamsutdinova, Alfiya
Shanawaz, Mohd
Shannawaz, Mohammed
Sharath, Medha
Sharifan, Amin
Sharma, Manoj
Sharma, Ujjawal
Sharma, Vishal
Sheida, Fateme
Shenoy, Rekha Raghuveer
Shetty, Pavanchand H
Shiferaw, Desalegn
Shin, Min-Jeong
Shirani Lapari, Mahsa
Shiri, Rahman
Shittu, Aminu
Shool, Sina
Shorofi, Seyed Afshin
Shrestha, Gambhir
Shrestha, Rajan
Shuval, Kerem
Si, Yafei
Sibuyi, Nicole R S
Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar
Siervo, Mario
Silva, Diego Augusto Santos
Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
Singh, Amit
Singh, Baljinder
Singh, Harmanjit
Singh, Jasvinder A
Singh, Kalpana
Singh, Lucky
Singh, Mitasha
Singh, Poornima Suryanath
Singh, Surjit
Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna
Smith, Amanda E
Smith, Georgia
Soliman, Sameh S M
Soraneh, Soroush
Spartalis, Michael
Srichawla, Bahadar S
Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon
Starodubova, Antonina V
Straif, Kurt
Stubbs, Pete
Subramaniyan, Vetriselvan
Suleiman Odidi, Muritala Odidi
Sulkowski, Aleksander
Sultan Meo, Anusha
Sun, Zhong
Sunny, Sumam
Sunuwar, Dev Ram
Swain, Chandan Kumar
Szarpak, Lukasz
T Y, Sree Sudha
Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael
Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad
Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra
Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir
Tabatabai, Shima
Tabche, Celine
Tabish, Mohammad
Taiba, Jabeen
Tampa, Mircea
Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze
Tan, Ker-Kan
Tanwar, Manoj
Tariq, Saba
Tat, Nathan Y
Temsah, Mohamad-Hani
Temsah, Reem Mohamad Hani
Teramoto, Masayuki
Terefa, Dufera Rikitu
Tewari, Jay
Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan
Thapar, Rekha
Thavamani, Aravind
Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish
Thomas, Joe
Tiruneh, Sofonyas Abebaw
Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer
Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna
Tiwari, Krishna
Tomo, Sojit
Tonelli, Marcello
Touvier, Mathilde
Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto
Trabelsi, Khaled
Tran, Ngoc Ha
Tran, Thang Huu
Tran Minh Duc, Nguyen
Trico, Domenico
Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai
Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom
Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya
Tye, Sok Cin
Udoakang, Aniefiok John
Ullah, Atta
Ullah, Saeed
Ullah, Shahid
Umair, Muhammad
Umar, Lawan
Umar, Umar Muhammad
Unim, Brigid
Upadhya, Dinesh
Upadhyay, Era
Usman, Jibrin Sammani
Ustunsoz, Damla
Vaezghasemi, Masoud
Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj
Van den Eynde, Jef
Varghese, Joe
Vasankari, Tommi Juhani
Vaziri, Siavash
Vellingiri, Balachandar
Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy
Verma, Madhur
Verras, Georgios-Ioannis
Villalobos-Daniel, Victor E
Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch
Vlassov, Vasily
Vollset, Stein Emil
Vukovic, Rade
Wahiduzzaman, Mohammad
Wang, Cong
Wang, Shu
Wang, Xingxin
Wang, Yanzhong
Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan
Wei, Fei-Long
Wicaksana, Anggi Lukman
Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth
Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana
Willeit, Peter
Wojewodzic, Marcin W
Xia, Qing
Xiao, Guangqin
Xie, Wanqing
Xu, Suowen
Xu, Xiaoyue
Yahya, Galal
Yamagishi, Kazumasa
Yano, Yuichiro
Yao, Haiqiang
Yarahmadi, Amir
Yaribeygi, Habib
Ye, Pengpeng
Yesuf, Subah Abderehim
Yin, Dehui
Yon, Dong Keon
Yonemoto, Naohiro
Yu, Chuanhua
Yuan, Chun-Wei
Yuce, Deniz
Yunusa, Ismaeel
Zamagni, Giulia
Zastrozhin, Michael
Zeariya, Mohammed G M
Zhang, Casper J P
Zhang, Haijun
Zhang, Jingya
Zhang, Liqun
Zhang, Xiaoyi
Zhang, Zhiqiang
Zhao, Hanqing
Zheng, David X
Zhong, Anthony
Zhong, Claire Chenwen
Zhou, Jiayan
Zhu, Bin
Zhumagaliuly, Abzal
Zielińska, Magdalena
Zitoun, Osama A
Zoghi, Ghazal
Zou, Zhiyong
Zyoud, Sa'ed H
Gakidou, Emmanuela
Sawyer, Susan M
Azzopardi, Peter S
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author_facet Jessica A, Kerr
Patton, George C
Cini, Karly I
Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis
Abbas, Nasir
Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A
Abd ElHafeez, Samar
Abd-Elsalam, Sherief
Abdollahi, Arash
Abdoun, Meriem
Abdulah, Deldar Morad
Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi
Abdullahi, Auwal
Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika
Abie, Alemwork
Abiodun, Olumide
Abohashem, Shady
Abtahi, Dariush
Abualruz, Hasan
Abubakar, Bilyaminu
Abu-Gharbieh, Eman
Abukhadijah, Hana J
Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME
Aburuz, Salahdein
Abu-Zaid, Ahmed
Adams, Lisa C.
Adane, Mesafint Molla
Addo, Isaac Yeboah
Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola
Adegoke, Nurudeen A
Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan
Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi
Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther
Adiga, Usha
Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
Afify, Abdelrahman Yousry
Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
Afzal, Muhammad Sohail
Afzal, Saira
Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika
Aghamiri, Shahin
Agostinis Sobrinho, César
Agyemang-Duah, Williams
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Ahlstrom, Austin J
Ahmad, Aqeel
Ahmad, Danish
Ahmad, Fuzail
Ahmad, Muayyad M
Ahmad, Noah
Ahmad, Sajjad
Ahmed, Ayman
Ahmed, Haroon
Ahmed, Luai A
Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif
Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh
Ahmed, Syed Anees
Ajami, Marjan
Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed
Akrami, Ashley E
Al Hamad, Hanadi
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Chung, Sheng-Chia
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Davletov, Kairat
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Dodangeh, Milad
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Dohare, Sushil
Dokova, Klara Georgieva
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Dorostkar, Fariba -
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Farooque, Umar
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Fazeli, Patrick
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Ferreira, Nuno
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Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga
Guo, Zheng
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Gupta, Rahul
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Khan, Maseer
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Khan, Mohammad Jobair
Khan, Moien AB
Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb
Khan, Nusrat
Khanal, Vishnu
Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh
Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad
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Khosravi, Sepehr
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KM, Shivakumar
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Kretchy, Irene Akwo
Kua, Chong-Han
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Kuddus, Mohammed
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Sengupta, Pallav
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Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna
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Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai
Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom
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Zhong, Anthony
Zhong, Claire Chenwen
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Zhu, Bin
Zhumagaliuly, Abzal
Zielińska, Magdalena
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Zoghi, Ghazal
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Zyoud, Sa'ed H
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author_role author
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Jessica A, Kerr
Patton, George C
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Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A
Abd ElHafeez, Samar
Abd-Elsalam, Sherief
Abdollahi, Arash
Abdoun, Meriem
Abdulah, Deldar Morad
Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi
Abdullahi, Auwal
Abeywickrama, Hansani Madushika
Abie, Alemwork
Abiodun, Olumide
Abohashem, Shady
Abtahi, Dariush
Abualruz, Hasan
Abubakar, Bilyaminu
Abu-Gharbieh, Eman
Abukhadijah, Hana J
Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME
Aburuz, Salahdein
Abu-Zaid, Ahmed
Adams, Lisa C.
Adane, Mesafint Molla
Addo, Isaac Yeboah
Adedokun, Kamoru Ademola
Adegoke, Nurudeen A
Adesola, Ridwan Olamilekan
Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi
Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther
Adiga, Usha
Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
Afify, Abdelrahman Yousry
Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
Afzal, Muhammad Sohail
Afzal, Saira
Agampodi, Suneth Buddhika
Aghamiri, Shahin
Agostinis Sobrinho, César
Agyemang-Duah, Williams
Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku
Ahlstrom, Austin J
Ahmad, Aqeel
Ahmad, Danish
Ahmad, Fuzail
Ahmad, Muayyad M
Ahmad, Noah
Ahmad, Sajjad
Ahmed, Ayman
Ahmed, Haroon
Ahmed, Luai A
Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif
Ahmed, Meqdad Saleh
Ahmed, Syed Anees
Ajami, Marjan
Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed
Akrami, Ashley E
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Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz
Al Ta'ani, Zain
Al Thaher, Yazan
Alalwan, Tariq A
Al-Aly, Ziyad
Alam, Khurshid
Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa
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Al-Ashwal, Fahmi Y.
Albashtawy, Mohammed
Alemayehu, Bezawit Abeje
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Alhuwail, Dari
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Ali, Endale Alemayehu
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Ali, Mohammed Usman
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Aljunid, Syed Mohamed
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Alomari, Mahmoud A
Alqahtani, Saleh A
Alqarni, Abdullah A
Alrawashdeh, Ahmad
Alrimawi, Intima
Alrousan, Sahel Majed
Alshahrani, Najim Z
Altaany, Zaid
Altaf, Awais
Alvi, Farrukh Jawad
Alvis-Guzman, Nelson
Al-Wardat, Mohammad
Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed
Aly, Hany
Aly, Safwat
Alzoubi, Karem H
Aman Mohammadi, Masoud
Amera, Tewodros Getnet
Amiri, Sohrab
Amu, Hubert
Amugsi, Dickson A
Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi
Ananda, Roshan A
Ancuceanu, Robert
Ansari, Mohammed Tahir
Ansari, Sumbul
Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen
Anuoluwa, Iyadunni Adesola
Anvari, Saeid
Anwar, Sumadi Lukman
Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward
Arab, Juan Pablo
Arabloo, Jalal
Arafat, Mosab
Aravkin, Aleksandr Y
Areda, Demelash
Aregawi, Brhane Berhe
Arifin, Hidayat
Armocida, Benedetta
Ärnlöv, Johan
Arooj, Mahwish
Arora, Amit
Artamonov, Anton A
Artanti, Kurnia Dwi
Arumugam, Ashokan
Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad
Ashraf, Tahira
Asiamah-Asare, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah
Astell-Burt, Thomas
Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin
Atorkey, Prince
Atreya, Alok
Aumoldaeva, Zaure Maratovna
Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew
Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu
Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara
Azimi, Amirali
Aziz, Sadat Abdulla
Aziz, Shahkaar
Azzam, Ahmed Y.
Azzolino, Domenico
Babashahi, Mina
Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah
Badran, Alaa Aboelnour
Bagheri, Nasser
Bai, Ruhai
Baig, Atif Amin
Bakkannavar, Shankar M
Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar
Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin
Bam, Kiran
Banik, Rajon
Barati, Shirin
Bardhan, Mainak
Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat
Barquera, Simon
Barrow, Amadou
Barua, Lingkan
Bastan, Mohammad-Mahdi
Basu, Saurav
Bayat, Reza
Bayih, Mulat Tirfie
Bayleyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew
Beeraka, Narasimha M
Behera, Priyamadhaba
Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda
Bello, Umar Muhammad
Belo, Luis
Bennett, Derrick A
Bergami, Maria
Berhe, Kidanemaryam
Berihun, Abiye Assefa
Bhadoria, Ajeet Singh
Bhala, Neeraj
Bharadwaj, Ravi
Bhardwaj, Nikha
Bhardwaj, Pankaj
Bhaskar, Sonu
Bhat, Ajay Nagesh
Bhattacharjee, Priyadarshini
Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur
Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh
Bilgin, Cem
Bisignano, Catherine
Biswas, Bijit
Bizzozero Peroni, Bruno
Bjertness, Espen
Bjørge, Tone
Boloor, Archith
Boppana, Sri Harsha
Bosoka, Samuel Adolf
Bouaoud, Souad
Boyko, Edward J
Braithwaite, Dejana
Brazo-Sayavera, Javier
Brenner, Hermann
Bryazka, Dana
Bugiardini, Raffaele
Bui, Linh Phuong
Bustanji, Yasser
Butt, Nadeem Shafique
Butt, Zahid A
Çakmak Barsbay, Mehtap
Calina, Daniela
Cámera, Luis Alberto
Campos, Luciana Aparecida
Cao, Si
Capodici, Angelo
Carletti, Claudia
Carvalho, Andre F
Carvalho, Márcia
Cattafesta, Monica
Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia
Cegolon, Luca
Cembranel, Francieli
Cerin, Ester
Cernigliaro, Achille
Chadwick, Joshua
Chakraborty, Chiranjib
Chandrasekar, Eeshwar K
Chang, Jung-Chen
Chattu, Vijay Kumar
Chaudhary, Anis Ahmad
Chaurasia, Akhilanand
Chen, An-Tian
Chen, Haowei
Chew, Nicholas WS
Chi, Gerald
Chimoriya, Ritesh
Ching, Patrick R
Chitheer, Abdulaal
Choi, Dong-Woo
Chong, Bryan
Chong, Chean Lin
Chopra, Hitesh
Chopra, Shivani
Chou, Hou In
Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan
Chung, Sheng-Chia
Chung, Sunghyun
Chutiyami, Muhammad
Cogen, Rebecca M
Columbus, Alyssa
Conrad, Nathalie
Criqui, Michael H
Cruz-Martins, Natalia
da Silva, Alanna Gomes
Dadras, Omid
Dai, Xiaochen
Dalakoti, Mayank
D'Amico, Emanuele
Dandona, Lalit
Dandona, Rakhi
D'Anna, Lucio
Danpanichkul, Pojsakorn
Darcho, Samuel Demissie
Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Reza
Dash, Nihar Ranjan
Davletov, Kairat
Dehghan, Azizallah
Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar
Derbew Molla, Meseret
Dergaa, Ismail
Desale, Aragaw Tesfaw
Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
Devegowda, Devananda
Dhali, Arkadeep
Dhungel, Bibha
Diaz, Daniel
Dinu, Monica
Do, Thanh Chi
do Prado, Camila Bruneli
Dodangeh, Milad
Doegah, Phidelia Theresa
Dohare, Sushil
Dokova, Klara Georgieva
Doku, Paul Narh
Dolatkhah, Neda
D'Oria, Mario
Dorostkar, Fariba -
Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai
Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai
Dowou, Robert Kokou
Du, Mi
Dumith, Samuel C
Dumuid, Dorothea
Duncan, Bruce B
Dutta, Sulagna
Ebrahimi, Alireza
Edvardsson, Kristina
Eighaei Sedeh, Ashkan
Ekholuenetale, Michael
El Arab, Rabie Adel
El Bayoumy, Ibrahim Farahat
Eladl, Mohamed Ahmed
El-Ashker, Said
Elbarazi, Iffat
Elgendy, Islam Y
Elhadi, Muhammed
El-Metwally, Ashraf A
Elmonem, Mohamed A
Elnaem, Mohamed Hassan
Elsheikh, Randa
Eltaha, Chadi
Emeto, Theophilus I
Eslami, Maysa
Fabin, Natalia
Fadavian, Heidar
Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis
Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich
Faraji, Seyed Nooreddin
Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá
Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
Faris, Pawan Sirwan
Farjoud Kouhanjani, Mohsen
Farooque, Umar
Farrokhpour, Hossein
Fasusi, Samuel Aanuoluwapo
Fazeli, Patrick
Fazylov, Timur
Feizkhah, Alireza
Fekadu, Ginenus
Feng, Xiaoqi
Fernandez-Jimenez, Rodrigo
Ferreira, Nuno
Foigt, Nataliya A
Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin
Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich
Foroumadi, Roham
Fortuna Rodrigues, Celia
Foschi, Matteo
Francis, Kate Louise
Franklin, Richard Charles
Gába, Aleš
Gadanya, Muktar A
Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji
Galali, Yaseen
Gallus, Silvano
Ganesan, Balasankar
Gangachannaiah, Shivaprakash
Gebregergis, Miglas Welay
Gebrehiwot, Mesfin
Getacher, Lemma
Getie, Molla
Ghadirian, Fataneh
Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed
Gil, Artyom Urievich
Gill, Tiffany K
Gillum, Richard F
Girmay, Alem Abera
Golechha, Mahaveer
Goleij, Pouya
Goulart, Alessandra C
Grada, Ayman
Grivna, Michal
Grover, Ashna
Guan, Zhongyang
Guarducci, Giovanni
Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
Guha, Avirup
Gulati, Snigdha
Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga
Guo, Zheng
Gupta, Bhawna
Gupta, Rahul
Gupta, Rajeev
Gupta, Vipin
Gutiérrez-Murillo, Roberth Steven
Guzman-Esquivel, Jose
Hadi, Najah R
Hadian, Zahra
Hamdy, Nadia M
Hamidi, Samer
Hanif, Asif
Hanifi, Nasrin
Hankey, Graeme J
Haq, Allie
Haro, Josep Maria
Hasan, Faizul
Hashempour, Reza
Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem
Hasnain, Md Saquib
Hassan, Amr
Hassan, Nageeb
Hassanipour, Soheil
Hassanzade Rad, Afagh
Havmoeller, Rasmus J
Hay, Simon I
Hebert, Jeffrey J
Hezam, Kamal
Hiraike, Yuta
Hoang, Mai
Holla, Ramesh
Hossain, Alamgir
Hosseinzadeh, Hassan
Hostiuc, Mihaela
Hostiuc, Sorin
Htay, Zin Wai
Hu, Mengsi
Hu, Yifei
Humayun, Ayesha
Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes
Husseiny, Mohamed Ibrahim
Hussien, Foziya Mohammed
Huynh, Hong-Han
Hwang, Bing-Fang
Ibrahim, Ramzi
Ibrayeva, Anel
Ikeda, Nayu
Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen
Ilic, Irena M
Ilic, Milena D
Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja
Inok, Arit
Iqbal, Khalid
Islam, Md Sahidul
Islam, Md. Fakrul
Islam, Md. Rabiul
Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah
Iso, Hiroyasu
Isola, Gaetano
Ituka, Mosimah Charles
Iwagami, Masao
Iwu-Jaja, Chinwe Juliana
Iyasu, Assefa N
Jacob, Louis
Jaffar, Shabbar
Jahrami, Haitham
Jain, Akhil
Jain, Rajesh
Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman
Jakovljevic, Mihajlo
Javaid, Syed Sarmad
Jayapal, Sathish Kumar
Jayaram, Shubha
Jebasingh, Felix K
Jee, Sun Ha
Jema, Alelign Tasew
Jeswani, Bijay Mukesh
Jonas, Jost B
Joseph, Nitin
Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma
Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy
Jürisson, Mikk
Kaambwa, Billingsley
Kabir, Ali
Kadashetti, Vidya
Kakkar, Ashish Kumar
Kalra, Sanjay
Kanaan, Saddam Fuad
Kankam, Samuel Berchi
Kanmanthareddy, Arun R
Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem
Kantar, Rami S
Kar, Debasish
Karajizadeh, Mehrdad
Karakasis, Paschalis
Karimi Behnagh, Arman
Karimzadhagh, Sahand
Kassebaum, Nicholas J
Kauppila, Joonas H
Kayode, Gbenga A
Kedir, Shemsu
Kehagias, Dimitrios
Keshwani, Ariz
Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle
Keykhaei, Mohammad
Khajuria, Himanshu
Khalili, Pantea
Khalilian, Alireza
Khalis, Mohamed
Khan, Ajmal
Khan, Maseer
Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed
Khan, Mohammad Jobair
Khan, Moien AB
Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb
Khan, Nusrat
Khanal, Vishnu
Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh
Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad
Kheirkhah, Masoomeh
Khidri, Feriha Fatima
Khokhar, Manoj
Khosla, Atulya Aman
Khosravi, Sepehr
Khosrowjerdi, Mahmood
Khusun, Helda
Kim, Gyu Ri
Kim, Jihee
Kim, Jinho
Kim, Min Seo
Kim, Yun Jin
Kimokoti, Ruth W
Kisa, Adnan
Kishore, Ladli
KM, Shivakumar
Kokkorakis, Michail
Kompani, Farzad
Korzh, Oleksii
Kostev, Karel
Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi
Kretchy, Irene Akwo
Kua, Chong-Han
Kuate Defo, Barthelemy
Kuddus, Mohammed
Kulimbet, Mukhtar
Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha
Kumar, G Anil
Kumar, Vijay
Kundu, Satyajit
Kunutsor, Setor K
Kurmi, Om P
Kurniasari, Maria Dyah
Kusuma, Dian
Kytö, Ville
La Vecchia, Carlo
Lacey, Ben
Lahariya, Chandrakant
Lai, Daphne Teck Ching
Landires, Iván
Larijani, Bagher
Lassi, Zohra S
Le, Huyen Thi Thanh
Le, Nhi Huu Hanh
Lee, Hye Ah
Lee, Munjae
Lee, Paul H
Lee, Seung Won
Lee, Wei-Chen
Li, An
Li, Ming-Chieh
Li, Wei
Li, Yongze
Lim, Stephen S
Lin, Jialing
Lin, Queran
Lindholm, Daniel
Lindstedt, Paulina A
Liu, Jue
Lo, Justin
López-Gil, José Francisco
Lorkowski, Stefan
Lucchetti, Giancarlo
Lugo, Alessandra
Lutambi, Angelina M
Ma, Zheng Feei
Magaña Gómez, Javier A
Maghbouli, Nastaran
Mahalleh, Mehrdad
Mahmood, Nozad H.
Majeed, Azeem
Makris, Konstantinos Christos C.
Malakan Rad, Elaheh
Malekzadeh, Reza
Malhotra, Kashish
Malik, Ahmad Azam
Malik, Iram
Malta, Deborah Carvalho
Mamun, Abdullah A
Manu, Emmanuel
Marateb, Hamid Reza
Marino, Mirko
Marjani, Abdoljalal
Martinez-Piedra, Ramon
Martorell, Miquel
März, Winfried
Marzouk, Sammer
Masrouri, Soroush
Mathangasinghe, Yasith
Matozinhos, Fernanda Penido
Matthias, Thushara
Mattiello, Rita
Maugeri, Andrea
Mazidi, Mohsen
McPhail, Steven M
Mechili, Enkeleint A
Medel Salas, María Paz
Mehmood, Asim
Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran
Mekene Meto, Tesfahun
Meles, Hadush Negash
Mendoza, Walter
Menezes, Ritesh G
Mengistie, Emiru Ayalew
Meo, Sultan Ayoub
Mestrovic, Tomislav
Mettananda, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege
Mettananda, Sachith
Miao, Huanhuan
Miller, Ted R
Ming, Wai-kit
Mirrakhimov, Erkin M
Misganaw, Awoke
Mitiku, Habtamu
Mittal, Madhukar
Mohamed, Jama
Mohamed, Mona Gamal
Mohamed, Nouh Saad
Mohammad, Taj
Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh
Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah
Mohammadzadeh, Ibrahim
Mohammed, Shafiu
Mokdad, Ali H
Monasta, Lorenzo
Mondello, Stefania
Moni, Mohammad Ali
Montazeri Namin, Sara
Moodi Ghalibaf, AmirAli
Moradi, Yousef
Morrison, Shane Douglas
Motappa, Rohith
Mubarik, Sumaira
Mulita, Francesk
Mullany, Erin C
Munkhsaikhan, Yanjinlkham
Murillo-Zamora, Efren
Murray, Christopher J L
Musa, Sani
Mustafa, Ghulam
Muthu, Sathish
Mwita, Julius C
Myung, Woojae
Nafiu, Abdulrazaq Bidemi
Nagel, Gabriele
Naik, Ganesh R
Naik, Hiten
Nambi, Gopal
Nangia, Vinay
Nargus, Shumaila
Nascimento, Gustavo G
Nassar, Mahmoud
Nauman, Javaid
Naureen, Zakira
Navaratna, Samidi Nirasha Kumari
Nawsherwan
Nayak, Biswa Prakash
Nazri-Panjaki, Athare
Negahdary, Masoud
Negoi, Ionut
Negoi, Ruxandra Irina
Nematollahi, Soroush
Nepal, Samata
Netsere, Henok Biresaw
Ng, Marie
Ngunjiri, Josephine W
Nguyen, Dang
Nguyen, Phat Tuan
Nguyen, Phuong The
Niazi, Robina Khan
Nieddu, Luciano
Niknam, Mahdieh
Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos
Nikoobar, Ali
Nkeck, Jan Rene
Nomura, Shuhei
Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed
Noreen, Mamoona
Noubiap, Jean Jacques
Nouri, Mehran
Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi
Nugen, Fred
Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia
Nur, Aqsha
Nyande, Felix Kwasi
Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe
Oancea, Bogdan
O'Connell, Erin M
Odetokun, Ismail A
Ofakunrin, Akinyemi O D
Oguta, James Odhiambo
Oh, In-Hwan
Okati-Aliabad, Hassan
Okeke, Sylvester Reuben
Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul
Okonji, Osaretin Christabel
Olagunju, Andrew T
Olalusi, Oladotun Victor
Olasehinde, Tosin Abiola
Oliveira, Arão Belitardo
Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes
Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris
Omar, Hany A
Omar Bali, Ahmed
Omer, Nesredin Ahmed
Ong, Sok King
Ordak, Michal
Ortiz, Alberto
Osborne, Augustus
Osman, Wael M S
Otoiu, Adrian
Oumer, Abdu
Ouyahia, Amel
Owolabi, Mayowa O
Owusu, Irene Amoakoh
Oyebola, Kolapo
Oyelade, Tope
P A, Mahesh Padukudru
Padron-Monedero, Alicia
Padubidri, Jagadish Rao
Palicz, Tamás
Panda, Sujogya Kumar
Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra
Pandey, Anamika
Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R
Pant, Suman
Pardhan, Shahina
Parekh, Utsav
Parija, Pragyan Paramita
Parikh, Romil R
Park, Eun-Cheol
Passera, Roberto
Patel, Jay
Patoulias, Dimitrios
Paudel, Susan
Peprah, Prince
Pereira, Marcos
Perico, Norberto
Perna, Simone
Petcu, Ionela-Roxana
Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily
Pham, Hoang Nhat
Pham, Tung Thanh
Pirouzpanah, Saeed
Polibin, Roman V
Popovic, Djordje S
Potani, Isabel
Pourghazi, Farzad
Pourshams, Akram
Pradhan, Jalandhar
Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh
Prasad, Manya
Prashant, Akila
Prates, Elton Junio Sady
Puvvula, Jagadeesh
Qattea, Ibrahim
Qiao, Yanan
Radhakrishnan, Venkatraman
Radojˇić, Maja R
Raggi, Catalina
Rahman, Fryad Majeed
Rahman, Md. Mosfequr
Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur
Rahman, Mosiur
Rahman, Muhammad Aziz
Rahmanian, Mohammad
Rahmanian, Vahid
Rahmati, Masoud
Rai, Rajesh Kumar
Raimondo, Ivano
Raj, Jeffrey Pradeep
Rajput, Prashant
Ramadan, Mahmoud Mohammed
Ramasamy, Chitra
Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran
Ramazanu, Sheena
Rana, Kritika
Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal
Rao, Mithun
Rao, Sowmya J
Rashedi, Sina
Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi
Rasouli-Saravani, Ashkan
Rathish, Devarajan
Rauniyar, Santosh Kumar
Rautalin, Ilari
Rawaf, David Laith
Rawaf, Salman
Redwan, Elrashdy M. Moustafa Mohamed
Rege, Sanika
Rehman, Aqeeb Ur
Reis-Mendes, Ana
Remuzzi, Giuseppe
Rezaei, Nazila
Rezaeian, Mohsen
Rhee, Taeho Gregory
Rocha-Gomes, João Rocha
Rodrigues da Silva, Thales Philipe
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dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025-03-06T06:45:48Z
2025-03-03
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6
01406736
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003976
http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63503
1474-547X
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv en
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Obesity
Childhood
Prevalence
Forecast
Global Burden
Public Health
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
description BackgroundDespite the well documented consequences of obesity during childhood and adolescence and future risks of excess body mass on non-communicable diseases in adulthood, coordinated global action on excess body mass in early life is still insufficient. Inconsistent measurement and reporting are a barrier to specific targets, resource allocation, and interventions. In this Article we report current estimates of overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence, progress over time, and forecasts to inform specific actions. MethodsUsing established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we modelled overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence from 1990 to 2021, and then forecasted to 2050. Primary data for our models included 1321 unique measured and self-reported anthropometric data sources from 180 countries and territories from survey microdata, reports, and published literature. These data were used to estimate age-standardised global, regional, and national overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence (separately) for children and young adolescents (aged 5–14 years, typically in school and cared for by child health services) and older adolescents (aged 15–24 years, increasingly out of school and cared for by adult services) by sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2021 were generated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models, which leveraged temporal and spatial correlation in epidemiological trends to ensure comparability of results across time and geography. Prevalence forecasts from 2022 to 2050 were generated using a generalised ensemble modelling approach assuming continuation of current trends. For every age-sex-location population across time (1990–2050), we estimated obesity (vs overweight) predominance using the log ratio of obesity percentage to overweight percentage. FindingsBetween 1990 and 2021, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents doubled, and that of obesity alone tripled. By 2021, 93·1 million (95% uncertainty interval 89·6–96·6) individuals aged 5–14 years and 80·6 million (78·2–83·3) aged 15–24 years had obesity. At the super-region level in 2021, the prevalence of overweight and of obesity was highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and the greatest increase from 1990 to 2021 was seen in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Taiwan [province of China], Maldives, and China). By 2021, for females in both age groups, many countries in Australasia (eg, Australia) and in high-income North America (eg, Canada) had already transitioned to obesity predominance, as had males and females in a number of countries in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Qatar) and Oceania (eg, Cook Islands and American Samoa). From 2022 to 2050, global increases in overweight (not obesity) prevalence are forecasted to stabilise, yet the increase in the absolute proportion of the global population with obesity is forecasted to be greater than between 1990 and 2021, with substantial increases forecast between 2022 and 2030, which continue between 2031 and 2050. By 2050, super-region obesity prevalence is forecasted to remain highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and forecasted increases in obesity are still expected to be largest across southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Timor-Leste and North Korea), but also in south Asia (eg, Nepal and Bangladesh). Compared with those aged 15–24 years, in most super-regions (except Latin America and the Caribbean and the high-income super-region) a greater proportion of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity than overweight by 2050. Globally, 15·6% (12·7–17·2) of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity by 2050 (186 million [141–221]), compared with 14·2% (11·4–15·7) of those aged 15–24 years (175 million [136–203]). We forecasted that by 2050, there will be more young males (aged 5–14 years) living with obesity (16·5% [13·3–18·3]) than overweight (12·9% [12·2–13·6]); while for females (aged 5–24 years) and older males (aged 15–24 years), overweight will remain more prevalent than obesity. At a regional level, the following populations are forecast to have transitioned to obesity (vs overweight) predominance before 2041–50: children and adolescents (males and females aged 5–24 years) in north Africa and the Middle East and Tropical Latin America; males aged 5–14 years in east Asia, central and southern sub-Saharan Africa, and central Latin America; females aged 5–14 years in Australasia; females aged 15–24 years in Australasia, high-income North America, and southern sub-Saharan Africa; and males aged 15–24 years in high-income North America. InterpretationBoth overweight and obesity increased substantially in every world region between 1990 and 2021, suggesting that current approaches to curbing increases in overweight and obesity have failed a generation of children and adolescents. Beyond 2021, overweight during childhood and adolescence is forecast to stabilise due to further increases in the population who have obesity. Increases in obesity are expected to continue for all populations in all world regions. Because substantial change is forecasted to occur between 2022 and 2030, immediate actions are needed to address this public health crisis. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Inconsistent measurement and reporting are a barrier to specific targets, resource allocation, and interventions. In this Article we report current estimates of overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence, progress over time, and forecasts to inform specific actions. MethodsUsing established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we modelled overweight and obesity across childhood and adolescence from 1990 to 2021, and then forecasted to 2050. Primary data for our models included 1321 unique measured and self-reported anthropometric data sources from 180 countries and territories from survey microdata, reports, and published literature. These data were used to estimate age-standardised global, regional, and national overweight prevalence and obesity prevalence (separately) for children and young adolescents (aged 5–14 years, typically in school and cared for by child health services) and older adolescents (aged 15–24 years, increasingly out of school and cared for by adult services) by sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2021 were generated using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models, which leveraged temporal and spatial correlation in epidemiological trends to ensure comparability of results across time and geography. Prevalence forecasts from 2022 to 2050 were generated using a generalised ensemble modelling approach assuming continuation of current trends. For every age-sex-location population across time (1990–2050), we estimated obesity (vs overweight) predominance using the log ratio of obesity percentage to overweight percentage. FindingsBetween 1990 and 2021, the combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents doubled, and that of obesity alone tripled. By 2021, 93·1 million (95% uncertainty interval 89·6–96·6) individuals aged 5–14 years and 80·6 million (78·2–83·3) aged 15–24 years had obesity. At the super-region level in 2021, the prevalence of overweight and of obesity was highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and the greatest increase from 1990 to 2021 was seen in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Taiwan [province of China], Maldives, and China). By 2021, for females in both age groups, many countries in Australasia (eg, Australia) and in high-income North America (eg, Canada) had already transitioned to obesity predominance, as had males and females in a number of countries in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Qatar) and Oceania (eg, Cook Islands and American Samoa). From 2022 to 2050, global increases in overweight (not obesity) prevalence are forecasted to stabilise, yet the increase in the absolute proportion of the global population with obesity is forecasted to be greater than between 1990 and 2021, with substantial increases forecast between 2022 and 2030, which continue between 2031 and 2050. By 2050, super-region obesity prevalence is forecasted to remain highest in north Africa and the Middle East (eg, United Arab Emirates and Kuwait), and forecasted increases in obesity are still expected to be largest across southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (eg, Timor-Leste and North Korea), but also in south Asia (eg, Nepal and Bangladesh). Compared with those aged 15–24 years, in most super-regions (except Latin America and the Caribbean and the high-income super-region) a greater proportion of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity than overweight by 2050. Globally, 15·6% (12·7–17·2) of those aged 5–14 years are forecasted to have obesity by 2050 (186 million [141–221]), compared with 14·2% (11·4–15·7) of those aged 15–24 years (175 million [136–203]). We forecasted that by 2050, there will be more young males (aged 5–14 years) living with obesity (16·5% [13·3–18·3]) than overweight (12·9% [12·2–13·6]); while for females (aged 5–24 years) and older males (aged 15–24 years), overweight will remain more prevalent than obesity. At a regional level, the following populations are forecast to have transitioned to obesity (vs overweight) predominance before 2041–50: children and adolescents (males and females aged 5–24 years) in north Africa and the Middle East and Tropical Latin America; males aged 5–14 years in east Asia, central and southern sub-Saharan Africa, and central Latin America; females aged 5–14 years in Australasia; females aged 15–24 years in Australasia, high-income North America, and southern sub-Saharan Africa; and males aged 15–24 years in high-income North America. InterpretationBoth overweight and obesity increased substantially in every world region between 1990 and 2021, suggesting that current approaches to curbing increases in overweight and obesity have failed a generation of children and adolescents. Beyond 2021, overweight during childhood and adolescence is forecast to stabilise due to further increases in the population who have obesity. Increases in obesity are expected to continue for all populations in all world regions. Because substantial change is forecasted to occur between 2022 and 2030, immediate actions are needed to address this public health crisis. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.Elsevier2025-03-06T06:45:48Z2025-03-03Articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-601406736https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003976http://hdl.handle.net/10576/635031474-547Xenhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/635032025-03-06T19:08:21Z
spellingShingle Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Jessica A, Kerr
Obesity
Childhood
Prevalence
Forecast
Global Burden
Public Health
status_str publishedVersion
title Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_fullStr Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_full_unstemmed Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_short Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
title_sort Global, regional, and national prevalence of child and adolescent overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
topic Obesity
Childhood
Prevalence
Forecast
Global Burden
Public Health
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00397-6
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673625003976
http://hdl.handle.net/10576/63503