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PCA-CGAN model parameter settings.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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2
MIT-BIH dataset proportion analysis chart.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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3
Wavelet transform preprocessing results.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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4
PCAECG_GAN.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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5
MIT dataset expansion quantities and Proportions.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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Experimental hardware and software environment.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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7
PCA-CGAN K-fold experiment table.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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Classification model parameter settings.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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MIT-BIH expanded dataset proportion chart.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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10
AUROC Graphs of RF Model and ResNet.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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11
PCA-CGAN Model Workflow Diagram.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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12
Structural Diagrams of RF Model and ResNet Model.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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13
PCA-CGAN model convergence curve.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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14
PCA-CGAN Structure Diagram.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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15
Comparison of Model Five-classification Results.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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16
PCAECG-GAN K-fold experiment table.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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17
PCA-CGAN Pseudocode Table.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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18
PCA-CGAN Ablation Experiment Results.
Published 2025“…Experiments demonstrate that PCA-CGAN not only achieves stable convergence on a large-scale heterogeneous dataset comprising 43 patients for the first time but also resolves the “dilution effect” problem in data augmentation, avoiding the asymmetric phenomenon where Precision increases while Recall decreases. After data augmentation, the ResNet model’s average F1 score improved significantly, with particularly outstanding performance on rare categories such as atrial premature beats, far surpassing traditional methods like SigCWGAN and TD-GAN. …”
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Supplementary Material for: The value of circulating tumor DNA in the prognostic diagnosis of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published 2025“…Deeks funnel plot analysis showed no significant publication bias (P=0.24). However, inter-study heterogeneity was high (all I² values >80%), which may have been influenced by factors such as assay technique, patient characteristics, and follow-up time. …”