Reward function related parameters. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

S1 File - حسب Yuh-Chin T. Huang (17867207)

"…In this study, we developed a computerized algorithm using the python package (pdfplumber) and validated against clinicians’ interpretation. …"

S1 Dataset - حسب Yuh-Chin T. Huang (17867207)

"…In this study, we developed a computerized algorithm using the python package (pdfplumber) and validated against clinicians’ interpretation. …"

HIL test results of curved road: (a)Vehicle velocity; (b) Braking distance; (c) Lateral displacement; (d) Lateral acceleration; (e)Vehicle sideslip angle; (f) Yaw rate. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

HIL test results of low-adhesion road: (a)Vehicle velocity; (b) Braking distance; (c) Lateral displacement; (d) Lateral acceleration; (e)Vehicle sideslip angle; (f) Yaw rate. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

HIL test results of split-μ road: (a)Vehicle velocity; (b) Braking distance; (c) Lateral displacement; (d) Lateral acceleration; (e)Vehicle sideslip angle; (f) Yaw rate. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

Braking performance and lateral stability on curved road surfaces: (a)Vehicle velocity; (b) Braking distance; (c) Lateral displacement; (d) Lateral acceleration; (e)Vehicle sidesli... حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

Braking performance and lateral stability on low-adhesion road surfaces: (a)Vehicle velocity; (b) Braking distance; (c) Lateral displacement; (d) Lateral acceleration; (e)Vehicle s... حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

Braking performance and lateral stability on split-μ road surfaces: (a)Vehicle velocity; (b) Braking distance; (c) Lateral displacement; (d) Lateral acceleration; (e)Vehicle sidesl... حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

Constructing the dynamical law. حسب Robert Marsland (8616483)

Main parameters of braking system. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

EMB and SBW system structure. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

Raw data. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

Code program. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

The HIL simulation data flowchart. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

Steering system model. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

Hyperparameter Configurations in PPO Training. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

Main parameters of steering system. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

Co-simulation architecture. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"

Overall framework diagram of the study. حسب Honglei Pang (22693724)

"…Results show that, compared to Model Predictive Control (MPC) and Sliding Mode Control (SMC), the PPO algorithm reduces braking distance by 15–20% on low-adhesion roads, decreases lateral deviation by 25–30% on split-μ roads, and suppresses yaw rate oscillation by 28.8% on curved roads. …"