(a) Radar chart of these algorithms (23 Benchmark functions), (b) The sorting diagram of these algorithms (23 Benchmark functions). حسب Yu Liu (6938)

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Illustration of the unrestricted model and its training algorithm. حسب Yuru Song (21300760)

Distribution of objective function values solved by three algorithms. حسب Meilin Zhu (688698)

Results of searching performance of the improved NAG algorithm on Rosenbrock function, Ackley function, and Rastrigin function. حسب Rui Zhang (13940)

Results of searching performance of different algorithm models on the Rosenbrock function, Ackley function, and Rastrigin function. حسب Rui Zhang (13940)

Results of searching performance of the improved NAG algorithm on Sphere function and Griewank function. حسب Rui Zhang (13940)

(a) Radar chart of 4 algorithms, (b) The sorting diagram of 4 algorithms. حسب Yu Liu (6938)

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Line charts of the elbow method and the k-value selection algorithm: (A) elbow method; (B) k-value selection algorithm. حسب Jingnan Yan (20727331)

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(a) Radar chart of these algorithms (CEC2021), (b) The sorting diagram of these algorithms (CEC2021). حسب Yu Liu (6938)

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PSNR (dB) and SSIM of the deblurred images, and the algorithms’ running time (in seconds) on VOC2012 database. حسب Wei Zhou (24328)

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Schematic diagram of the TEAPS algorithm. حسب Yoshiaki Kariya (13767985)

Qualitative results for the F12 function. حسب Dingming Yang (8505990)

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Qualitative results for the F14 function. حسب Dingming Yang (8505990)

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Qualitative results for the F15 function. حسب Dingming Yang (8505990)

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Qualitative results for the F13 function. حسب Dingming Yang (8505990)

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Experiment 1b: Evaluating modularity-based consensus clustering pipelines on the algorithm design datasets as a function of the mixing parameter. حسب Yasamin Tabatabaee (18095491)

Objective function values of the algorithms across individual problem instances grouped by scale: (a) Small, (b) Medium, (c) Large, (d) Super-Large. حسب Panfei Li (22379086)

"…<p>Objective function values of the algorithms across individual problem instances grouped by scale: (a) Small, (b) Medium, (c) Large, (d) Super-Large.…"

Convergence curves of the mean function error values for six test functions at <i>D</i> = 30. حسب Meijun Duan (7461293)

Performance comparison in CP-EE model (a) SVR model (b) BPNN model (c) RF model (d) MS-GEP model. حسب Jin Ding (11522)

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Convergence curves of the mean function error values for six test functions at <i>D</i> = 30. حسب Xuxu Zhong (10099054)

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