Benchmark functions T-test for the proposed and compared algorithms. by El-Sayed M. El-kenawy (14581088)

Proposed algorithm convergence curves versus other competing algorithms for the seven benchmark functions. by El-Sayed M. El-kenawy (14581088)

Curves of sigmoid functions used in our proposed algorithm. by Binh Thanh Dang (12368831)

“…<p>Curves of sigmoid functions used in our proposed algorithm.</p>…”

Optimization flow of the co-simulation method. by Shangyang Jin (21772466)

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An example of the algorithm of the ORFanID engine is explained in a UML flow chart diagram. by Richard S. Gunasekera (6752072)

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Proposed algorithm mean and standard deviation (StDev) versus compared algorithms for the benchmark functions. by El-Sayed M. El-kenawy (14581088)

Illustration of methods based on Green’s function first-passage algorithms. by Jean Marc Tregan (15195173)

“…<p>Illustration of methods based on Green’s function first-passage algorithms.…”

Flow chart of this algorithm. by Xuan Chen (158617)

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Distribution of small airway disease index (SADI in degree angle) in pulmonary function tests with FEV1/FVC ≥ 0.7. by Yuh-Chin T. Huang (17867207)

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Flowchart for the genetic algorithm used in this article. by Behnam Kia (6111551)

The AD-PSO-Guided WOA LSTM algorithm RMSE is based on the objective function compared to different algorithms. by Ahmed M. Elshewey (21463867)

“…<p>The AD-PSO-Guided WOA LSTM algorithm RMSE is based on the objective function compared to different algorithms.…”

The used test functions in the evaluation. by Xuan Chen (158617)

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Box plot of the ADGWDTO and competing algorithms for the seven benchmark functions. by El-Sayed M. El-kenawy (14581088)

Flow chart diagram of quantum hash function. by Sultan H. Almotiri (14029251)

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Flow chart of the algorithm structure of this paper. by Yunpeng Bai (1714087)

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Performance profile of the four algorithms based on the function value of iteration number. by Sulaiman M. Ibrahim (20614376)

“…<p>Performance profile of the four algorithms based on the function value of iteration number.…”

Algorithm flow of BBO. by Jian Yang (12136)

“…<div><p>The stable and site-specific operation of transmission lines is a crucial safeguard for grid functionality. This study introduces a comprehensive optimization design method for transmission line crossing frame structures based on the Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) algorithm, which integrates size, shape, and topology optimization. …”

Results of searching performance of the improved NAG algorithm on Rosenbrock function, Ackley function, and Rastrigin function. by Rui Zhang (13940)

Results of searching performance of different algorithm models on the Rosenbrock function, Ackley function, and Rastrigin function. by Rui Zhang (13940)

Flowchart of proposed fitness function algorithm. by Ferhat Yuna (21519851)

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