Compare algorithm parameter settings. حسب Yuqi Xiong (12343771)

"…<div><p>Metaheuristic optimization algorithms often face challenges such as complex modeling, limited adaptability, and a tendency to get trapped in local optima when solving complex optimization problems. …"

Characteristic chart of algorithm efficiency. حسب Wang Xiaoqian (10502222)

Flowchart of step() function. حسب Raed Alharthi (18340157)

Standard benchmark functions. حسب Yanzhao Gu (21192659)

"…The experimental results showed that GWOA achieved better convergence speed and solution accuracy than other algorithms in most test functions, especially in multimodal and compositional optimization problems, with an Overall Efficiency (OE) value of 74.46%. …"

The variation of the objective function with the number of iterations of the Egypt MEDN 15-Bus. حسب Ahmed A. Zaki Diab (12757190)

Standard benchmark functions [42]. حسب Junhao Wei (6816803)

"…In the experimental section, we validate the efficiency and superiority of LSWOA by comparing it with outstanding metaheuristic algorithms and excellent WOA variants. The experimental results show that LSWOA exhibits significant optimization performance on the benchmark functions with various dimensions. …"

Schematic diagram of the atomic function . حسب Xiang Tian (4369285)

Statistical results of various algorithms. حسب ZeSheng Lin (20501356)

"…EAWOA demonstrates superior optimization accuracy compared to WOA across 21 test functions, with a notable edge on certain functions. …"

Ave and Std of different algorithms. حسب Yanzhao Gu (21192659)

"…The experimental results showed that GWOA achieved better convergence speed and solution accuracy than other algorithms in most test functions, especially in multimodal and compositional optimization problems, with an Overall Efficiency (OE) value of 74.46%. …"

Parameter settings for metaheuristic algorithm. حسب Yanzhao Gu (21192659)

"…The experimental results showed that GWOA achieved better convergence speed and solution accuracy than other algorithms in most test functions, especially in multimodal and compositional optimization problems, with an Overall Efficiency (OE) value of 74.46%. …"

Structural diagram of the overall SCF-YOLO algorithm. حسب Yazhou Li (277980)

F4 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)

F5 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)

F1 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)

F6 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)

F7 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)

F10 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)

F9 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)

F2 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)

F8 function and convergence curve graph. حسب Jiangli Yu (4601986)