A parabolic relationship between prediction errors and learning rates obtained by a cubic learning algorithm. by Boluwatife Ikwunne (22238697)

Multi-functional liquid crystal devices based on random binary matrix algorithm by Tibin Zeng (10890697)

“…<p>Multi-functional diffraction gratings have found broad applications in laser processing, medicine, beam manipulation, etc. …”

Comparison of UACI among different algorithms. by Feixian Liu (22477943)

“…Based on the 2D-SQSM, this paper further designs a highly robust color image encryption algorithm. First, by introducing different hash functions multiple times, the correlation between the key and plaintext is enhanced, significantly improving resistance against brute-force attacks; second, cyclic shifting and segmentation-recombination operations are applied separately to the three RGB channels to effectively disrupt pixel distribution and significantly reduce spatial correlation between pixels; finally, the chaotic sequence generated by the 2D-SQSM is utilized for XOR diffusion, further enhancing the randomness and diffusion capability of the ciphertext. …”

Comparison of NPCR among different algorithms. by Feixian Liu (22477943)

“…Based on the 2D-SQSM, this paper further designs a highly robust color image encryption algorithm. First, by introducing different hash functions multiple times, the correlation between the key and plaintext is enhanced, significantly improving resistance against brute-force attacks; second, cyclic shifting and segmentation-recombination operations are applied separately to the three RGB channels to effectively disrupt pixel distribution and significantly reduce spatial correlation between pixels; finally, the chaotic sequence generated by the 2D-SQSM is utilized for XOR diffusion, further enhancing the randomness and diffusion capability of the ciphertext. …”

Algorithm used for important sampling of the likelihood function. by Zhiyong Huang (3620000)

Pseudo algorithm of the GA algorithm used in this study. by Tuan Anh Pham (1346049)

MSEs for the adaptive filtering algorithms by using hyperbolic functions. by Sihai Guan (11547518)

MSEs for the adaptive filtering algorithms by using hyperbolic functions. by Sihai Guan (11547518)

Curves of sigmoid functions used in our proposed algorithm. by Binh Thanh Dang (12368831)

“…<p>Curves of sigmoid functions used in our proposed algorithm.</p>…”

MSEs for the adaptive filtering algorithms by using hyperbolic functions. by Sihai Guan (11547518)

MSEs for the adaptive filtering algorithms by using hyperbolic functions. by Sihai Guan (11547518)

Results obtained by different algorithms on 23 benchmark functions. by Yuqi Xiong (12343771)

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The used test functions in the evaluation. by Xuan Chen (158617)

Convergence curves obtained by different algorithms on 23 benchmark functions. by Yuqi Xiong (12343771)

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Different algorithms in 23 benchmark functions to obtain partial boxplot. by Yuqi Xiong (12343771)

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Results obtained by different algorithms on CEC2022 benchmark functions. by Yuqi Xiong (12343771)

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Flowchart for the genetic algorithm used in this article. by Behnam Kia (6111551)

Convergence curves obtained by different algorithms on CEC2022 benchmark functions. by Yuqi Xiong (12343771)

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Eight commonly used benchmark functions. by Guangwei Liu (181992)

“…The proposed algorithm was evaluated on eight standard benchmark functions, CEC2019 benchmark functions, four engineering design problems, and a PID parameter optimization problem. …”

Benchmark functions T-test for the proposed and compared algorithms. by El-Sayed M. El-kenawy (14581088)