Accuracy comparison between the proposed algorithm and existing algorithms. حسب Xin Li (51274)

Illustration of the transformed binary images of normal, benign, and malignant samples into grayscale. حسب Tehnan I. A. Mohamed (16846175)

The main workflow of the proposed algorithm. حسب Xin Li (51274)

Performance comparison based on feature groups and their combinations. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Illustrations of distances used as the 5^th to 7^th features (f5-f7) from a blob (orange circle) to the fovea. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Examples of results from two different OCT images shown in the left and right columns. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Illustration of Area of interest (left) and all HRF blobs used as EX-AN candidates (right). حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Examples of the fovea locations (stars) a typical case (left) and an abnormal case (right). حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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ILM (pink line) and RPE (green line) layers in a normal OCT image. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Examples of input (first column) and areas between ILM and RPE layers of ground truth (second column) and U-Net (third columns) and U-Net++ (fourth column) of four OCT cases. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Illustrations of fovea detection procedure. The typical case (left) and the abnormal case (right) with ILMs (black lines), fitted lines (red lines), intersection points (blue verti... حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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An example of a histogram of the normalized intensity of an OCT image. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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The flowchart depicting the overall procedures of the proposed work. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Performance comparison of the area between ILM and RPE layers. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Comparison of images before and after pre-processing: the original image (left) and after applying top-hat and bottom-hat filters (right). حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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An example of an OCT image of a DR case (left) and illustration of relevant parts (right): EX-AN blobs (yellow blobs) in the area of interest (a blue region), the ILM (a red line)... حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Illustration of the correct blobs (yellow), missing blobs (red), and irrelevant blobs (green). حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Illustration of a black shadow marker under the EX-AN. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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Processes in the bagged tree ensemble classification in our experiment. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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An overview of the U-Net++ architecture for the area of interest selection. حسب Rinrada Tanthanathewin (18611171)

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