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model optimization » global optimization (Expand Search), based optimization (Expand Search), wolf optimization (Expand Search)
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Table 1_Heavy metal biomarkers and their impact on hearing loss risk: a machine learning framework analysis.docx
Published 2025“…., blood lead and cadmium levels) were analyzed as features, with hearing loss status—defined as a pure-tone average threshold exceeding 25 dB HL across 500, 1,000, 2000, and 4,000 Hz in the better ear—serving as the binary outcome. Multiple machine learning algorithms, including Random Forest, XGBoost, Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, CatBoost, and MLP, were optimized and evaluated. …”