Internal structure of an LSTM cell. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Prediction effect of each model after STL. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

The kernel density plot for data of each feature. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Analysis of raw data prediction results. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Flowchart of the STL. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

SARIMA predicts season components. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

BWO-BiLSTM model prediction results. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Bi-LSTM architecture diagram. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

STL Linear Combination Forecast Graph. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

LOSS curves for BWO-BiLSTM model training. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Analysis of STL-PCA prediction results. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Accumulated contribution rate of PCA. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Figure of ablation experiment. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Flowchart of the STL-PCA-BWO-BiLSTM model. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Parameter optimization results of BiLSTM. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Descriptive statistical analysis of data. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

The MAE value of the model under raw data. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Three error values under raw data. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Decomposition of time scries plot. by Xiangjuan Liu (618000)

“…Further integration of Spearman correlation analysis and PCA dimensionality reduction created multidimensional feature sets, revealing substantial accuracy improvements: The BiLSTM model achieved an 83.6% cumulative MAE reduction from 1.65 (raw data) to 0.27 (STL-PCA), while traditional models like Prophet showed an 82.2% MAE decrease after feature engineering optimization. …”

Changes in sodium levels, serving sizes, and calories in matched restaurant menu items (2016–2020) by sodium reduction or increase. by Caroline G. Middleton (22041479)

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